Developmental Psychology and Children Essay

This is a very important stage as it helps children to get ready for school as well as preparing them for their future learning and successes. From when child is born up until the age of 5, the children early-years experiences should be happy, active, exciting, fun and secure and to support their development, care and learning needs. In my setting children will be learning skills, acquiring new knowledge and demonstrating their understanding through 7 areas of learning and development. Children should mostly develop the 3 prime areas first. These are: †¢ Communication and language †¢ Physical development †¢ Personal, social and emotional development. These prime areas are those most essential for  the child’s healthy development and future learning. As children grow, the prime areas will help them to develop skills in 4 specific areas. These are: †¢ Literacy †¢ Mathematics †¢ Understanding the world †¢ Expressive arts and design. These 7 areas are used to plan all children learning and activities. The key person teaching and supporting child will make sure all the activities are suited to child’s unique needs. This it’s suitable for very young children, and it’s designed to be really flexible so that all staff in my setting can follow the child’s unique needs and interests. Children in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) learn by playing and exploring, being active, and through creative and critical thinking which takes place both indoors and outside. In my setting I plan the activities based on the current interests and abilities of the children present. Sometimes the activities will be led by adults in order to practise and develop particular skills like using scissors or gluing, or learning new songs and rhymes to develop children’s awareness of sounds and letters. At other times children will select what they play with from a rich learning environment set up in the playroom or classroom. They will appear to be playing but, as this is how young children learn, they will be learning too. Washing the dolls’ clothes for instance helps develop physical skills, and gives the opportunity to communicate and co-operate with others, and to discover the properties of water and detergent. In the table above is a short meaning of the seven areas of learning and development that must shape educational programmes in early-years settings. All areas of learning and development are important and inter-connected. Three areas are particularly crucial for igniting children’s curiosity and enthusiasm for learning, and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive. Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates. The framework covers the education and care of all children in early-years provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities. The EARLY YEARS FOUNDATION STAGE (EYFS) is a term defined in Section 39 of  the British government’s Childcare Act 2006. The EYFS comprises a set of _Welfare Requirements_ and a set of _Learning and Development Requirements_, which must be followed by providers of care for children below 5 years old – the age of compulsory education in the United Kingdom. The Welfare and Learning and Development requirements are not specified in the Act but in separate. The legislation took effect from September 2008 and updated in 2012. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have separate framework. The Welfare requirements apply to the whole of the UK, but the Learning and Development requirements apply only in England. The EYFS is organised into 4 themes: -a unique child -positive relationships -enabling environments -learning and development The EYFS is linked to the Every Child Matters (ECM) agenda which has 5 areas that need to be addressed: -staying safe -being healthy -enjoy and achieve -make a positive contribution -achieve economic well-being The purpose of the ECM agenda is to ensure that all children are safe, have their needs met and are able to fulfil their full potential. _1.2 DESCRIBE THE DOCUMENTED OUTCOMES FOR CHILDREN THAT FORM PART OF THE RELEVANT EARLY YEARS FRAMEWORK_ The Early Years Foundation Stage was designed to ensure that all children-regardless of where they live, their family background or circumstances-would have access to a quality early years education. To be able to measure this and also to ensure that practitioners have a clear focus for their work, a series of outcomes is given for each area of learning. These are called the Early Learning Goals. This helps that each child can meet them by the end of their reception year. These goals are important as they form the building blocks for children’s later education. It is important that practitioners recognise that many of the early Learning Goals are also associated with children’s development and so while it is reasonable to expect children to meet them at the end of the reception year, they are not meant to be used as outcomes in nurseries or pre-schools. It is also worth noting that some children will for a variety of reasons not meet  all the early Goals as they may h ave specific health or learning difficulties or because they are simply younger than the other children. Every child deserves the best possible start in life and all support to full-fill their potential. A child’s experience in the early years has a major impact on their future life chances. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important. When parents choose to use early years services they want to know that setting will keep their children safe and will help their children to thrive. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is the framework that provides that assurance. The overarching aim of the EYFS is to help young children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes of staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution, and achieving economic well-being. Personal social and emotional development – children need to develop a positive sense of themselves and of others, to learn respect for others, social skills and a positive disposition for learning. Self-confidence and self-esteem, behaviour and self-control helping children to understand their emotions and how to express those emotions, self-care children needs to be able to do tasks like dressing and feeding , sense of community learning where a child has come from respect for others and inclusion. The EYFS was designed to ensure all children are treated the same no matter where they have come from that they would have access to the same education to measure this and to ensure practitioners have a clear focus for their work a series of outcomes id given for each learning area these are called early years goals this is done by the end of the reception year. A UNIQUE CHILD Every child is a unique child who is constantly learning and can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured. I understand and observe each child’s development and learning, assess progress, plan for their next steps. I support children to develop a positive sense of their own identity and culture. I identify any need for additional support. I keep children safe. I value and respect all children and their families equally. Positive Relationships – children learn to be strong and independent through positive relationships. POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS ARE warm and loving, and foster a sense of belonging sensitive and responsive to the child’s needs, feelings and interests supportive of the child’s own efforts and independence consistent in setting clear boundaries and stimulating children Enabling Environments – children learn and develop well in enabling environments, in which their experiences respond to their individual needs and there is a strong partnership between practitioners and parents and carers. ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS †¢ value all people †¢ value learning †¢ I offer stimulating resources to all the children’s cultures and communities †¢ learning opportunities through play and playful teaching †¢ I support children to take risks and explore Learning and Development Children develop and learn in different ways. The framework covers the education and care of all children in early-years provision, including  children with special educational needs and disabilities. In my setting I teach children by ensuring challenging, playful opportunities across the prime and specific areas of learning and development. Children start to learn about the world around them from the moment they are born. The care and education offered by our setting helps children to continue to do this by providing all of the children with interesting activities that are appropriate for their age and stage of development. The Areas of Development and Learning comprise of three prime areas; personal, social and emotional development; communication and language physical development; and four specific areas: Literacy Mathematics Understanding of the World Expressive Arts and Design; For each area, the practice guidance sets out the Early Learning Goals. These goals state what it is expected that children will know and be able to do by the end of the reception year of their education. The practice guidance also sets out in ‘Development Matters’ the likely stages of progress a child makes along their learning journey towards the early learning goals. Our setting has regard to these matters when we assess children and plan for their learning. _Personal, social and emotional development_ Our programme supports children to develop: positive approaches to learning and finding out about the world around them; confidence in themselves and their ability to do things, and valuing their own achievements; their ability to get on, work and make friendships with other people, both children and adults; their awareness of, and being able to keep to, the rules which we all need to help us to look after ourselves, other people and our environment; their ability to dress and undress themselves, and look after their personal hygiene needs; and their ability to expect to have their ways of doing things respected and to respect other people’s ways of doing things. _Communication, language and literacy_ Our programme supports children to develop: conversational skills with one other person, in small groups and in large groups to talk with and listen to others; their vocabulary by learning the meaning of – and being able to use – new words; their ability to use words to describe their experiences; their knowledge of the sounds and letters that make up the words we use; their ability to listen to, and talk about, stories; knowledge of how to handle books and that they can be a source of stories and information; knowledge of the purposes for which we use writing; and making their own attempts at writing. _Mathematics_ Our programme supports children to develop: understanding and ideas about how many, how much, how far and how big; understanding and ideas about patterns, the shape of objects and parts of objects, and the amount of space taken up by objects; understanding that numbers help us to answer questions about how many, how much, how far and how big; understanding and ideas about how to use counting to find out how many; and  early ideas about the result of adding more or taking away from the amount we already have. _Understanding of the World_ Our programme supports children to develop: knowledge about the natural world and how it works; knowledge about the made world and how it works; their learning about how to choose, and use, the right tool for a task; their learning about computers, how to use them and what they can help us to do; their skills on how to put together ideas about past and present and the links between them; their learning about their locality and its special features; and their learning about their own and other cultures. _Physical development_ Our programme supports children to develop: increasing control over the large movements that they can make with their arms, legs and bodies, so that they can run, jump, hop, skip, roll, climb, balance and lift; increasing control over the small movements they can make with their arms, wrists and hands, so that they can pick up and use objects, tools and materials; and their understanding about the importance of, and how to look after, their bodies. _Expressive Art and Design_ Our programme supports children to develop: the use of paint, materials, music, dance, words, stories and role-play to express their ideas and feelings; and  their interest in the way that paint, materials, music, dance, words, stories and role-play can be used to express ideas and feelings. _Assessment (learning journal, progress checks)_ I assess how young children are learning and developing by observing them frequently. I use information that I gain from observations, as well as from photographs of the children, to document their progress and where this may be leading them. I believe that parents know their children best and I ask them to contribute to the learning journals by sharing information about what their children like to do at home and how they as parents are supporting development. I make periodic assessment summaries of children’s achievement based on our on-going development records. These form part of children’s records of achievement. I undertake these assessment summaries at regular intervals as well as times of transition, such as when a child moves into a different group or when they go on to school. _1.3 EXPLAIN HOW THE DOCUMENTED OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED AND RECORDED_ â€Å"Assessment plays an important part in helping parents, carers and practitioners to recognise children’s progress, understand their needs, and to plan activities and support. On-going assessment (also known as formative assessment) is an integral part of the learning and development process. It involves practitioners observing children to understand their level of achievement, interests and learning styles, and to then shape learning experiences for each child reflecting those observations. In their interactions with children, practitioners should respond to their own day-to-day observations about children’s progress and observations that parents share.† EYFS 2012† All effective assessment involves analysing and reviewing what you know about each child’s development and learning. You can then make informed decisions about the child’s progress and plan next steps to meet their development and learning needs. This is called assessment for learning. †EYFS 2012† Formative assessment is the type of assessment based on observations, photographs, videos, things children have made or drawn and information from parents. It informs or guides everyday planning. Summative assessment is a summary of all the formative assessment done over a long period and makes a statement about the child’s achievements. The Early Years Foundation Stage Profile is the summative assessment completed by practitioners at the end of the EYFS.† EYFS Practice Guidance 2007 â€Å"In the final term of the year in which the child reaches age five, and no later than 30 June in that term, the EYFS Profile must be completed for each child. The Profile provides parents and carers, practitioners and teachers with a well-rounded picture of a child’s knowledge, understanding and abilities, their progress against expected levels, and their readiness for Year 1. The Profile must reflect: on-going observation, all relevant records held by the setting, discussions with parents and carers, and any other adults whom the teacher, parent or carer judges can offer a useful contribution.† †Year 1 teachers must be given a copy of the Profile report together with a short commentary on each child’s skills and abilities in relation to the three key characteristics of effective learning. These should inform a dialogue between Reception and Year 1 teachers about each child’s stage of development and learning needs and assist with the planning of activities in Year 1. †EYFS 2012† In my setting we †reflect on the different ways that children learn and reflect these in† our †practice†. The †three characteristics of effective teaching and learning are: _playing and_ _exploring_ – children investigate and experience things, and ‘have a go’ _active learning_ – children concentrate and keep on trying if they encounter difficulties, and enjoy achievements _creating and thinking critically_ – children have and develop their own ideas, make links between ideas, and develop strategies for doing things My setting curriculum is planned and delivered with every child at the heart  of what we do. Every child’s needs are met through a personalised learning journey in partnership with parents, carers and other professionals. We report on these aspects when a child transfers to a different setting or school. My setting provide accurate and up to date information about each child’s learning and development and we are able to share this with parents and professionals associated with each child in order for each child to make the best progress possible. In my setting I observe children throughout the day, inside and outside accessing a range of opportunities which can be adult led or child led. Parents have access to their children’s records at all times. Records will be updated termly and a development folder should document the child’s ‘learning journey’. Assessment should identify/highlight any children not making progress so that measures can be put into place to ensure that all children make progress. Assessment is used to ensure early intervention takes place and the gap is closed between those who achieve and those who do not. Children should be assessed in their home language where appropriate and the progress should be tracked. Children learn best when they are happy, relaxed, stimulated and involved. In my setting I encourage children to think, explore, play, take risks, question, talk, listen, show, create, share, celebrate, be, learn, grow, know and develop. Through the setting we visit the child and family at home and get to know them, we ask the family to fill out an ‘all about me’ form to share information, we take photographs and videos of children learning, we make observation notes about the children’s successes, we valuate group time planning, we give feedback to children and parents about their progress and what steps come next. In my setting we create and maintain a green  developmental book on each key child, we mark off development matters statements as they are achieved, we inform the Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator SENCO if we have concerns about a child’s progress. My setting set targets for the school relating to curriculum areas and identify ‘target children’ who may need additional support with their learning. My setting support, monitor and develop this through: – Observation and monitoring of the procedures – Continually developing strategies which improve assessment and record keeping – Communication and partnership with parents and other agencies to share skills and ideas – Internal moderation of records – Staff development and discussion – Related reading – Attending courses – All about me form – Development Matters records – Long Observation sheets – Group Time planning sheet – Well Being and Involvement Scales – Language Assessments – Transition Document RESOURCES: Books: Level 3 Diploma Children and Young People’s Workforce by Penny Tassoni EYMP 2 Promote learning and development in the early years Cache Level 3 Diploma Children and Young People’s Workforce by Carolyn Meggitt EYMP 2 Promote learning and development in the early years www.early-years.org www.nicurriculum.org www.foundationphasewales.com www.early-education.org.uk

Porter’s Diamond Model For China

The assembly industry uses the advance factors to take the advantage over the other countries. This is because they have more educated workforce, this will help them to do their work at more sophisticated way with better technological improvements, and mainly at cheaper cost which is the biggest advantage for assembly industry till now. Government investment in advance factors has also provided the industry with many educated workers, as result benefitting the assembly industry as a whole.If the domestic demand rises this will overall put the pressure on the assembly industry to come up with new designs and more innovative technologies to take the assembly industry to new level. As a result other companies like Nokia, Sony, HP who were already related with the china assembly industry they will be impressed with this new improvements, thus attracting other company’s also towards the China assembly industry.Because of these vast improvements of the assembly industry many domesti c firms are now encouraged to invest more creating more advance factors, so that it helps the industry to become more successful. This as a result creates a competitive advantage for the industry. Thus giving rise to more competition, and improving the product or services more. Different countries have different management ideologies.As it is an assembly industry more technologically related managers are needed to manage the industry like engineers should be there at the top level so that they will understand the best which machines to use, or which is more updated so that they can run the industry more well. Overall this will keep the industry in pace with others, hence they will be able to provide better services, attracting more foreign companies, and will also be able to hold their position at the peak. Porter’s Diamond Model For China The assembly industry uses the advance factors to take the advantage over the other countries. This is because they have more educated workforce, this will help them to do their work at more sophisticated way with better technological improvements, and mainly at cheaper cost which is the biggest advantage for assembly industry till now. Government investment in advance factors has also provided the industry with many educated workers, as result benefitting the assembly industry as a whole.If the domestic demand rises this will overall put the pressure on the assembly industry to come up with new designs and more innovative technologies to take the assembly industry to new level. As a result other companies like Nokia, Sony, HP who were already related with the china assembly industry they will be impressed with this new improvements, thus attracting other company’s also towards the China assembly industry.Because of these vast improvements of the assembly industry many domesti c firms are now encouraged to invest more creating more advance factors, so that it helps the industry to become more successful. This as a result creates a competitive advantage for the industry. Thus giving rise to more competition, and improving the product or services more. Different countries have different management ideologies.As it is an assembly industry more technologically related managers are needed to manage the industry like engineers should be there at the top level so that they will understand the best which machines to use, or which is more updated so that they can run the industry more well. Overall this will keep the industry in pace with others, hence they will be able to provide better services, attracting more foreign companies, and will also be able to hold their position at the peak.

Men vs Women: Eating Habits

Kevin Walker Professor Echelberger ENG 201 2 March 2010 Eating Habits: Men versus Women Getting a hot meal in college is very easy. Most college students have a very short walk to their campus cafeteria. Entering the cafeteria, there is generally an array of meals to choose from. Researchers have been studying the eating habits of college students for a while. Although the studies are predominately due to the typical increase in weight of Americans over the past few centuries, the data has shown interesting results not pertaining to their research.A fascinating question has arisen to add to the ponderous question of how men and women differ. The question that I was looking to gain knowledge on was â€Å"how do men and women vary in food choices? † Central Michigan University’s cafeteria Rfoc (Real Food on Campus) was the perfect observatory for my research. The university’s campus hosts sixteen different locations to get meals from. The assortment of cafeterias a llows for tremendous convenience to the students who need to fit several meals into a jam packed day. Do these busy days force students to eat quick unhealthy snacks instead of a nutritious meal?Many researchers think the stress from school and a busy schedule force students to put nutrition on the back burner. Others have seen a trend in eating healthy or unhealthy between men and women. Considering all I have to do is walk down four flights of stairs to the Rfoc, I chose to observe at this location. Walking into the cafeteria there were many vantage points to choose from. The main floor seating would be good since it would put me in the middle of the most eaters. Then I started thinking about how I’d be looked at funny for staring at people since I might lock eyes with someone.Next vantage point I looked at was the tables by the Mediterranean pasta station. Only problem with sitting there was that I would see mostly people eating the Mediterranean food which would skew my o bservations. Finally I found the perfect lookout point. The bar by the on the left side of the cafeteria seemed ideal since the high bar stools would give me a bird’s eye view of the peoples’ plates without being looked at funny for creeping. From my post I could see the salad bar, Mediterranean pasta station, international station, Mediterranean pizza station, American dinner station and the produce stand.The only stations I couldn’t see were American dinner, southern kitchen and the dessert station. Since I could see majority of the stations and tables I decided I’d stay in this location to observe. With the observing location picked out all I needed was to figure out what was the best time to observe. From my own personal experience throughout the school year I know when the most people tend to be down there. Breakfast usually gets a decent amount of people from around nine thirty till ten thirty when breakfast ends. However, since breakfast doesn†™t have a large variety of choices there wouldn’t be much to compare.With breakfast no longer in the running, lunch and dinner were the only two possible times to go. Thinking back to the mind-boggling lines I have had to wait in at dinner time I decided dinner was the best time to observe. Dinner would have a wide range of food offered and more people to observe allowing for better data. When I walked into the cafeteria, the cute girl working the reception desk swiped my card to subtract one meal from my plan. Like any other typical time eating in the Rfoc I walked up to the display table showing all the possible meals for the day.Each meal consists of a main dish and possible sides. Southern kitchen offered a marinated pork loin with mashed potatoes and carrots. American dinner was a hamburger offered with toppings like bacon, lettuce, tomatoes, and cheese in addition to fries. Mediterranean pizza had an array of cheese, pepperoni, and ham pizzas. International served an orange chicken with rice and vegetables dish. Fettuccini alfredo and marinara sauces were the possible toppings for the linguini noodles at the Mediterranean pasta station. Desserts consisted of fudge brownies, chocolate chip cookies and ice cream.The ice cream machine had chocolate and vanilla with toppings like reese’s, chocolate chips, fudge, chocolate syrup, marshmallow cream and heath bars. Salad bar had the typical salad bar contents to choose from to make a personal salad with. Some of the available meals were healthy and some were very unhealthy. I quickly grabbed my plate of the chicken from the salad bar since on a diet and made my way to my post. Previous to going to the cafeteria I made a very detailed excel spreadsheet to sort my observations into.I am a neat freak so I wanted it to be easy to do and presentable. Although my bladder didn’t want to I stayed in the cafeteria for a little over an hour recording what the visible guys and girls were eating. I r ecorded which meals the guys picked and which meals the girls went with. In addition, I took note of whether or not guys and girls grabbed fruit since unlike vegetables they are not included in the meals. Since drinks don’t have nutritional value I didn’t record what each gender drank. Once I had all of my data I went back to my dorm and graphed the numbers into a bar graph.The graph showed men out ate women at Southern Kitchen, Mediterranean Pizza, American Dinner, International Station and the Dessert Station. Thus, women out ate men at the Salad Bar, Mediterranean Pasta, and Fruit. Based on the foods served at these stations, men tended to eat more meat, poultry, and grains than women. Vegetables and fruit were consumed by more women than men as predicted by Tina’s study in The Indianapolis Star. Grains were split between the two genders since women consumed more pasta then men and men consumed more pizza than women.My data agrees with Judith Rodriguez when s he said, â€Å"Male college students are more likely to eat from the meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, and nut groups†. Throughout my observations, I saw a trend in the eating habits of men and women. Nanci Hellmich was correct when saying, â€Å"Eating habits of men and women in college are different†. The reasoning for the difference could be anything from males hoping the protein in the meats would help build bigger muscles to women eating vegetables and fruit because they are â€Å"obsessed with maintaining their figure† (LeFebvre).However, my data does not supply sufficient information to justify the reasoning behind the genders’ tendencies of eating certain foods. Men and women have many similarities and differences, but when pertaining to eating habits they are very different. Works Cited Hellmich, Nanci. â€Å"College eating habits are clogged with fat. † USA Today. 10 Jan. 2002. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . LeFebvre, Cathy. â€Å"College eating hab its analyzed by researchers, students. The Daily Orange. 23 Sept. 2002. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . Rodriguez, Judith C. â€Å"College Students. † Faqs. org. Web. . Tina. â€Å"Study: Women Eat Healthier Than Men. † The Indianapolis Star. 8 Apr. 2007. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. .

Instructional Strategies Concept Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Instructional Strategies Concept Paper - Essay Example al strategies, Denny has first to be acquainted with the epistemological framework of which Cynthia Oakes operates – which is the constructivist approach. Constructivism is ongoing meaning-making through authentic engagement- remains a useful idea for learners and instructors at all levels of educations and training (Reiser & Dempsey, 2012). This is to ensure that they speak the same language and able to design the instruction program to the satisfaction of the stakeholders. This would entail needs analysis, research, interview and a lot of resourcefulness on the part of Denny. Second, Denny has to craft a program that is consistent with the constructivist approach which engages learners in a process of inquiry and activity instead of providing the right answer. Denny’s program has to generate multiple ideas and answer from his students in solving a certain problem which is a valuable process of constructivist approach. This would include tools that would facilitate discussion that promotes the process of inquiry and activity. When clients are vague with the instructions and objectives of a learning program, instructional designers has to be resourceful in order to â€Å"fathom† what the client really needs. This would require extensive research on the part of the instructional designer. First, such as in the case of Dennys, requires understanding on the framework of which the client operates. In the case of Cynthia, the constructivist approach. It would help a lot if the instructional designer can view the videos on how program was implemented. The instructional designer could then dig in at the available literature about the program to understand its thrust. In Denny’s case it was the grant proposal. Sifting through the proposal would give the instructional designer an insight about the instructional needs of the client through the justification of the project. Then one can interview the teachers about their instructional needs to have a

Canadian politic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Canadian politic - Essay Example In spite of the fact that Canada has a dominance of political parties yet Canada has been labeled with the title of executive federalism emphasizing the importance of the Prime Minister and the First Ministers in the policy making of Canada.2 Smiley has characterized the Canadian government as â€Å"executive federalism†. This is because Canada represents an intersection of parliamentary power as well as federal power. The special characteristic in Canada is that the power is centralized at each level and at the same time is dispersed between different levels. It can be said that in Canada the approval of the Senate is necessary for every issue but at the same time the Senate cannot withhold its consent. Even in the Supreme Court of Canada we can witness the presence of executive federalism. The federal cabinet is also an example of executive federalism in Canada. 3 The advocates of executive federalism were of the opinion that this form of government will reduce the responsibility of the parliament in the governance of the country whereas the provinces will be allowed to take some amount of national responsibility. They also felt that such a government will establish a welfare state in Canada. Canada under the influence of the executive federalism the benefits allowed were family allowance, unemployment insurance scheme, the scheme of old age pension, old age security plans, the Canada Pension Plan and the initiation of Child Tax Credit. Another positive step which was taken during this era was the elimination of child poverty.4 They were also of the opinion that the best way for a country like Canada was to trust the elites and hence they felt that the executive federalism which gave a lot of weightage to the Prime Minister and the First Ministers of the Provinces for policy making was most apt for Canada. They were of the opinion that executive federalism provided the

Love and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Love and Morality - Essay Example The story is based on two individuals who have different and separate lives but who have not experienced true love until they meet one another while on vacation in Yalta; this puts them in a state where they are obligated to choose between continuing their lives as they were before they met when they separate or find a means of exploring their love further, which leads to the development of an affair as both characters are married. It is through the decision to continue the affair that the story shows that true love cannot be ignored by those affected by it. The story brings to light the characteristic that true love is unexpected and cannot be planned ahead of time. This is seen in various parts of the story whereby neither Gurov nor Anna expect to fall so deeply for one another as shown in statements such as â€Å"A month or so would pass and the image of Anna Sergeyevna, it seemed to him, would become misty in his memory, and only from time to time he would dream of her with her touching smile as he dreamed of others† (146.) Gurov assumed that he would be able to easily forget the woman he met while on vacation once he got back to his normal routine but soon found out that this was not possible and to his surprise as time passed on he found he was still not able to stop thinking about Anna. This is seen in the statement, Both characters had gone to Yalta on vacation with no expectations of finding love but as a result of circumstantial meeting ended up finding an individual that they could see themselves spending their entire lives with. The correlation between love and morality also plays a part in the story as well; both Anna and Gustov married young and were in a relationship for a number of years before they met, but this fact does not stop them from falling in love. It is also seen that they are in fact not in love with their spouses when Chekhov states that

Workflow Interdependence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workflow Interdependence - Case Study Example The departments handling the processing can come together to increase the capacity as well as pool their resources together. They can network with one another in order to get experts to work in different departments to provide input and boost results as they all work for the same company. In order for proper interdependence to occur, it is necessary to limit the time used in the different departments for effectiveness. The processing time for example should be shortened and this is only possible with increase in capacity of the workers handling the processing. Lack of interchanging ideas and frequent open communication is what is leading to slow processing as well as risking an increase in customer complaints affecting the overall performance of the company. More interdependence means more ultimate success for the supervisors, workers and customers (Bhatia, 2008). The workflow issues are not managed properly as there are problems with communication between departments as well as issues with the technology. If the current design can focus on their workflow technology, then their design problems can be a thing of the past. The problems with the current design are evident in the article from the point in which customers are returning the products, asking for refund and the long time it takes to correct the product (Chandan, 2009). The current design of the workflow relies on the reception department to place the products in the right departments. Once each department is assigned a product, it is up to the supervisor to seek the workers to carry out assessment and those who will carry out the actual work on the product depending on their skills and knowledge of the product. This whole process consumes a lot of time which can be used in creation of more effective structures and design to minimize errors in future. Organizational effectiveness demands proper coordination

Market research about electric wheelchair prices Coursework

Market research about electric wheelchair prices - Coursework Example Pride Mobility LX Electric Wheelchair is  £1,199.00. It has comfy reclining seat, high level padding, height adjustments and moulded armrests. The Pride Mobility LX Electric Wheelchair ride is comfortable and stable, tyres are solid and there are available anti tip wheels at the rear preventing accidents on steep inclines or kerb stones with height adjustable headrest that are also removable (Mobility Zone, 2013: n.p). The combined solid, tyres and removable rear anti-tip wheels are necessary in ensuring stable outdoor performance with a compact frame for smooth indoor manoeuvring. The Pride Mobility LX Electric Wheelchair is the best of the electric wheelchairs because of its fair price and the qualities that it shares with other electric wheelchairs (Salentine, 2012: 5-12). It is comfy, has good speed and moves at a higher speed of 4ph at top speed. Pride Mobility LX Electric Wheelchair is offers an ultimate economical and innovative foldable power with significant features for b oth stable outdoor performance and smooth indoor manoeuvring. The Sunrise Medical Rumba Electric Wheelchair costs  £1,940.00. The Sunrise Medical Rumba Electric Wheelchair seats are comfortable and are integrated with high level of padding thus ensures real comfort for users and moulded armrests that flip up to make getting on and off easy. Armrests can be adjusted in various ways in terms of height, width and an angle to ensure support as well as a flip-up footplate with similar level of adjustments. The ride is very comfortable because of the articulating front beam that absorb changes in terrain, uneven surfaces and the tyres are solid to provide peace of mind and avoid inconvenience of punctures (Mobility Zone, 2013: n.p). The Sunrise Medical Rumba Electric Wheelchair has a robust design that may take travels for up to 15 miles on a fully charged battery with a speed of 4ph at top speed and the maximum user weight is 19.5 stones or

Premise Alerts in 911 CAD Databases - Are special-needs citizens and Research Paper

Premise Alerts in 911 CAD Databases - Are special-needs citizens and officer safety at risk - Research Paper Example These individuals are people with rare or complex issues that need special kinds of handling and attention. This program aids the police to be able to identify an individual and at the same time will be equipped with the right amount of information that will allow him to personally identify the lost individual and therefore return him to persons concerned. (http://www.plumboro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176&Itemid=180) 2. Rationale 3. Objective In the Illinois Public Alert Program (PAP) Act provides a detailed enumeration f the objective of the PAP. According to the Act, the PAP ensures that there is a consistent ‘high level† of services with regards to public safety that is to be available to all members of the State (note the use of â€Å"members of State† rather than â€Å"citizens†). The core objective of the program is providing access services to individuals that may require extra consideration. (Source: P.A. 96?788, eff. 8?28?09. ) http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3159&ChapterID=39 The PAP, aims to provide people with disabilities and individuals that require more attention access to public safety that is already provided to most citizens. ... n effective method of dealing with these predicaments and as proposed, practical measures are possible with an enhanced knowledge or information about these individuals. It is a condition that they are to divulge an extent of their identities, such as their specific needs, their educational facilities, and places of employment, residences or anything that will enhance identification. (Source: P.A. 96?788, eff. 8?28?09.) http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3159&ChapterID=39 4. Statement and Significance of the Problem Along with technological advancements, a useful implementing arm of the PAP is the establishment of an online help center and one of such is smart911.com. Said website was designed to deliver vital and essential information of individuals and especially citizens that need special attention immediately to first responders in times of emergency. This secure website makes it easier for people to submit their information that will be accessed at times when t hey will be required. Said website registers information such as number of children, children and their disabilities, you can also provide their picture and medical records or any relevant information you deemed useful for immediate response of safety officers upon placement of call. http://www.wsmv.com/technology/24452754/detail.html. All of this information, which at a point may seem too dangerous to provide to third parties are essentials in order to provide not only abrupt public safety services but in order to make sure that it is the response is intelligent, educated and appropriate to the situation. In order to illustrate the points further, allow me to cite and example. An autistic child found was wandering and walking into flow of traffic. A citizen called 911 and advised

Medical case study report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical case study report - Essay Example Frequent monitoring of the blood sugar at least after every 4 hours is also important to ensure the episodes of hypoglycaemia do not occur (1). The second scenario could be if Dooley’s creatinine clearance >50-60 ml/min or higher, it is recommended that metformin be administered at a reduced dose while increasing as tolerated to a highest of 1G daily. The third scenario is if Mr. Dooley had comfortably used Gliclazide 60mg for a long time, it may be continued. However, this should be taken with food followed by close monitoring of blood glucose to avert any episode of hypoglycaemia (2). Therapeutics issues: Clarithromycin has the capability of interacting with simvastatin thus may lead to the increase in the simvastatin’s blood levels because clarithromycin is CYP 3A4 inhibitor and Simvastatin mainly metabolised by CYP3A4 administration with drugs that inhibit these enzymes may increase its concentration which increase risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (Paravastatin a re not metabolised by CYP enzyme therefore it had reduce risk) (3). Also verapamil interact with simvastatin which could increase in simvastatin level which increase risk of liver damage. Heart rate may also be lowered by combining verapamil and clarithromycin since this combination reduces blood pressure and may cause dizziness and headaches. The patient is also advised to cease use verapamil because it has potential for side effects such as constipation. Suggested use of CCB (lercanidipin) 10mg daily which can be increased in a two weeks time depending on the therapeutic response exhibited by the patient. Long term use of coloxy and Senna is not recommended since they stimulate laxatives in long term treatment of constipation. It should therefore be withdrawn gradually within two to four weeks and the bowel condition checked regularly. The use of high doses of Fosinopril dose is not healthy for the elderly patient since it could also contribute to dizziness and lightheadness. The

Aid for trade is beneficial for developing countries but Coursework - 1

Aid for trade is beneficial for developing countries but disadvantageous for firms in the developed world - Coursework Example The guidelines are monitored and implemented by the WTO. Some of the International trade organizations include; the Uruguay round of trade, the OECD and the Irish fair trade network. An example of an anti-globalization movement is the global justice movement which is against organizations such as WTO and OECD which promote globalization. Aid for trade was meant to assist developing countries to expand their trade in order to eradicate social problems such aspoverty and poor firm performance. The objective of the international community constitutes mobilizing resources to address trade constraints among the LCDs to help them streamline their trade. However, most of the third world nations such as African countries do not have the capacity of undertaking large infrastructural projects on their own without capital funding from developed nations. On the other hand, firmsfrom developed nations benefit from offering aid for trade to developing nations because they increase their market share and at the same time they may be given mining rights as a favor in return (Wilkinson,2010). In general, firms from the developing nations tend to benefit more while giving aids while third world countries tend to be more economically unstable and dependent, always waiting to be given donations. International trade to beneficial to both trade partners; this explains the reason why it is largely embraced. Unfortunately, most exports from developing nations are agricultural-based, for example, tea that often faces unfavorable terms of trade whereby the income generated from exports is less than the import payments (Berndt, 2013). This results in situations where third world nations accumulate huge foreign debts with firms from developed nations. The balance of payments for developing countries is always a deficit, making these countries even more economically unstable. This clearly reveals that though there are rules on

Mango and Favorite Season Essay Example for Free

Mango and Favorite Season Essay ?l`My favorite fruit is Mango. During summer mangoes are available in plenty. But we have to choose them correctly. Nowadays calcium carbide is resorted in mango ripening. Green mangoes are kept along with calcium carbide in godowns so that they ripen faster within two days. Then they are sold to shopkeepers. A fruit seller in Besant Nagar pointing a heap of mangoes stacked separately told that all these mangoes have been ripened using Kallu. He used to charge the right price and explain the reason for such high rates, and if they accept and willing to pay, he provides them the mangoes that have been ripened naturally. But he sells those that ripened using artificial means when customers intent on reducing prices. The Health Officer in City says people consume such artificially ripened mangoes can develop abdominal pain and some from gastric irritation, loose motion giddiness and vomiting. The Chennai Corporation Commissioner says that they have been regularly raiding mango merchants and destroying the ones that have been ripened artificially. If Public any how come to know the offence they can lodge a complaint by calling 1913. Mango trees (Mangifera indica L. ) grow upto 35–40 m (115–130 ft) tall, with a crown radius of 10 m (33 ft). The mango tree is long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years. [citation needed] In deep soil, the taproot descends to a depth of 6 m (20 ft) and the profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots also send down many anchor roots, which penetrate several feet of soil. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple, 15–35 cm (5. 9–14 in) long and 6–16 cm (2. 4–6. 3 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The flowers are produced in terminal panicles 10–40 cm (3. 9–16 in) long; each flower is small and white with five petals 5–10 mm (0. 20–0. 39 in) long, with a mild sweet odor suggestive of lily of the valley. The fruit takes three to six months to ripen. The ripe fruit is variable in size and color. Cultivars are variously yellow, orange, red or green, and carry a single flat, oblong pit that can be fibrous or hairy on the surface, and which does not separate easily from the pulp. Ripe, unpeeled fruit gives off a distinctive resinous, sweet smell. Inside the pit 1–2 mm (0. 039–0. 079 in) thick is a thin lining covering a single seed, 4–7 mm (0. 16–0. 28 in) long. The seed contains the plant embryo. The seed of mango can be hairy or fibrous The hedgehog style is a common way of eating mangoes (left). A cross section of a mango can be seen on the right, not quite fully halving the fruit as the stone is not visible[edit] Cultivation and uses Mango orchard in Multan, Pakistan Unripe mangoes on a mango treeMangoes have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for thousands of years[4] and reached East Asia between the 5th and 4th centuries BC. By the 10th century AD, cultivation had begun in East Africa. [4] The 14th century Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta, reported it at Mogadishu. [5] Cultivation came later to Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, where an appropriate My Favourite season is the Rainy season or the Monsoons. In India, it is a very important season. The agricul ­ture in India depends largely on the water given by the rains or the average rainfall of the year. For me, it is the most colourful of all the seasons. One can see a lot of greenery around oneself. The dark mass of clouds is a blessing and is eagerly awaited after the scorching summer heat. There are frequent roars of thunder in the dark sky. The best part of the season is that one gets a lot of unexpected holidays and offs from the school due to the rains. It is a pleasure to go out in the rains and get wet in the water and play games. That is why, I really like the enjoyable and fun filled Monsoon season. Favorite Season Essays Many students find it rather difficult to write favorite season essays. From one side, favorite season essay writing does not require extensive research or the scientific evidence. From the other side, your essay must still be written in accordance to academic standards, gain the attention of the readers, and be interesting to read. The following essay tips may help you with writing your favorite season essays. In addition, do not forget to read tips on writing narrative essays and expository essay. Favorite Season Essays Tips combine different styles and forms of composition: narrative, descriptive paragraphs, expository and persuasive essay parts. writing favorite season essays, do not forget about the flow of ideas. Subordination and strict order in essay writing is essential use link words to ensure transition from one paragraph to another. You may use the following words/phrases throughout your essay: one reason, another reason, in conclusion, first, second/secondly, in summary, first of all, third/thirdly, in short, for example, another example, to begin with, as well as, to summarize, to start with, too, to conclude, hence, additionally, last/lastly, finally, etc. Favorite Season Essays Structure Let’s investigate the main parts of favorite season essays. 1. Introductory paragraph – it may be a short story from your life that shaped your preference of the specific season 2. Body show who, what, where, and when. In other words, the main body of your favorite season essay should be detailed as much as possible. However, do not forget about staying focused on your topic! Do not make your essay heavy with excessive descriptions. 3. Concluding paragraph – end your essay with a paragraph in which you emphasize the reasons why the specific season is your favorite Favorite Season Essays Ideas 1. Winter: if winter is your favorite season, you may start your essay with the short story from your childhood when you went to see your grandmother and you spent endless hours outside playing snowballs. Winter is a favorite season for many people because of Christmas 2. Summer: if summer is your favorite season, you may write about the suntan, swimming, lose clothes, warm nights, and all others things that make summers memorable. Undoubtedly, do not forget to mention that summer is a season of vacations and you have a lot of time to spend with your friends 3. Spring: if spring is your favorite season, you may focus on the revival of the nature, on the romantic feelings, and †¦ the time of exams. Spring is a transition from winter to summer and it is no longer cold and yet there is no unbearable heat. Thus, you may write about the comfort of the spring 4. Autumn: usually, autumn is the favorite season of the older people and depressive ones. Autumn is symbolic of the wading youth and nature. Nevertheless, autumns are very beautiful in their variety of colors. If you are not a depressive person, you have definitely enjoyed walking in the forest in the fall season. Custom Favorite Season Essays If you find the above tips helpful but do not have enough time or ideas to write your favorite season essays, you may confidently rely on the shoulders of our professional writers. We are ready to write a custom favorite season essay for you from scratch and deliver it within the most urgent deadlines. We do not plagiarize! You may reviewfree research paper sample and essay on patriotism in our blog to see the quality of our writing help! All of the seasons of the year have special qualities. Winter though, is without a doubt my favorite season. I enjoy winter because of the beautiful snow, there are no pigeons, and because of the days that we get out of school. My first reason for considering winter for my favorite season is that when it snows it mostly covers everything. The trees and the ground are covered in fresh white snow. I can go out side and build snowmen and snowwomen that are decorated with all kinds of stuff. Like hats, gloves, sticks for arms, a carrot for a nose, and rocks for their eyes! I can also go sleigh riding with my cousin. (Thi ssay 7 My Favorite Season Winter My favorite season is winter. And snow indicates the coming of winter. I always wonder how magic and delicate the shape of snow is. It seems like being carved by artist. No doubt, snow is the most wonderful creation of the nature. I have had special feeling toward snow since I was a little girl. I like watching snow falling down from the sky especially at nights with the light of moon that it is great. Some people dislike winter because they think that there is no fun in winter, everything is covered by snow and the weather is cold. But to me, there are a lot of beautiful memories about winter. When I was young, I used to hung out with neighborhood kidds after school even the weather was severe. Actuaally we were looking for the heavy snow at the very beginning of winter. Because we were fond of having snowball fight and making snowman as well as going sledding. We were so happy when playing in the snow. We didn’t care how cold our hand were, how dirty our cloths were. The only things we cared about were who could win in the fight, who could make the best snowman and who could sled the fastest. However, we had to stand the complaint from parents. Another reason for me to like winter is Spring Festival. It is the most important festival in China. On those days, everyone would go back home to be with family and celebrate. It is also the most traditional holliday to Chinese, so everyone would take a break on these days no matter how busy he/she is. To me, the happiest things is that I can eat hot pot with my family. In my family, eatting hot pot on New Year’s even is the custom so on this day every member of my family would sit around the table to share the hot pot together as well as chatting. It’s really an enjoyable thing to eat hot pot in cold winter especially with the family. I keep those memories as my fortune and I wish everybody could like winter as I do. ssay 7 My Favorite Season Winter My favorite season is winter. And snow indicates the coming of winter. I always wonder how magic and delicate the shape of snow is. It seems like being carved by artist. No doubt, snow is the most wonderful creation of the nature. I have had special feeling toward snow since I was a little girl. I like watching snow falling down from the sky especially at nights with the light of moon that it is great. Some people dislike winter because they think that there is no fun in winter, everything is covered by snow and the weather is cold. But to me, there are a lot of beautiful memories about winter. When I was young, I used to hung out with neighborhood kidds after school even the weather was severe. Actuaally we were looking for the heavy snow at the very beginning of winter. Because we were fond of having snowball fight and making snowman as well as going sledding. We were so happy when playing in the snow. We didn’t care how cold our hand were, how dirty our cloths were. The only things we cared about were who could win in the fight, who could make the best snowman and who could sled the fastest. However, we had to stand the complaint from parents. Another reason for me to like winter is Spring Festival. It is the most important festival in China. On those days, everyone would go back home to be with family and celebrate. It is also the most traditional holliday to Chinese, so everyone would take a break on these days no matter how busy he/she is. To me, the happiest things is that I can eat hot pot with my family. In my family, eatting hot pot on New Year’s even is the custom so on this day every member of my family would sit around the table to share the hot pot together as well as chatting. It’s really an enjoyable thing to eat hot pot in cold winter especially with the family. I keep those memories as my fortune and I wish everybody could like winter as I do. quare 1: (These are some of my favorite fruits for examples. ) Fruits: Apples Oranges Grapes Grapefruit Mangoes Square 2: Health Benefits: Eating fruits and having a healthy diet can decrease your risk of heart disease, such as heart attack or stroke. Having fruits in your diet can prevent some cancers. When having foods with fiber in your diet such as fruit, you can reduce your chance of Type 2 diabetes and obesity. Eating fruit high in potassium as part of healthy diet, you lower your blood pressure, can help decrease your chances of getting kidney stones, and help lessen your chance of bone loss. Fruits are naturally lower in fat, sodium, and calories, none have cholesterol. By eating fruits you can cut down calorie intake. Square 3 Daily Recommended Amounts: Many foods have recommended amounts. The amount of fruits you need to eat depend on your age, sex, and level of physical activity. Children 4-8 are recommended 1 to1 ? cups per day. Girls 14-18 are recommended 1 ? cups. Boys 14-18 are recommended 2 cups. Women 19-30 are recommended 2 cups. Men 19-51+ are recommended 2 cups. Square 4: Tips: You can cut up fruits and keep them in the refrigerator for whenever you get hunger. Buy fruits that are frozen, dried, or canned, so that you’ll always have a some on hand. You can also keep a bowl of whole fruits in the fridge, on the table, or counter so it’s convenient. Facts: Fruit is the most healthy food in the world. There is over 1,000 varieties of apples. Strawberries are the only fruits that grow the seeds on the outside. Blueberries are native to North America. Peaches were once known as â€Å"Persian apples†. Citrus grew in Asia 20 million years ago. [continues] â€Å"Maria, you need to eat fruits to grow big and strong,† now those are the words that first came into my mind when thinking of fruit. My mother, always having our best interest in mind, tried her very hardest to teach my brother and I how to eat healthy at a young age. I must say, my brother acquired a taste for fruits and vegetables with much more ease as opposed to me. Mother knew that if she wanted me to eat fruit there was one way, and one way only, to get me to do just that; a handpicked, bright red apple will do the trick. Yet, it didn’t come as easy as that. There was, and still is to this day, a hard tedious process that comes with me eating an apple. First, mother cut the apple in half, letting its juice spill throughout. I still hear the sound of the knife against the cutting board, â€Å"PAM,† like a gunshot. The apple later gets all its seeds taken out and cut into even smaller pieces. Mother never forgets the most important part, the skin has to be taken off! And so she takes the knife, cutting the skin of the tiny pieces of the apple with such carefulness since just a slip could make her cut herself. The apple goes from a bright red to a nude tone, like the color of her skin. Oh sweetness galore! The first bite of the apple is as divine as can be. A perfect balance between sweetness and sour lingers in my mouth. As I continue eating the apple, I wish it would never end. That last crunch of the last bite always leaves me wanting more. And so, ever since then, the apple has been my favorite fruit. Every time I cut it in half, the sweet smell of nostalgia comes seeping in and warms my heart. Now, thanks to my mother, the apple has become a part of my everyday routine. Its sweet smell and taste never ceases to bore me. [continues]

Adaptation to Climate Change

Adaptation to Climate Change ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE; AN ISSUE THAT MUST NOT BE OVERLOOKED There are many compelling questions one can ask about how climate science experts and economic experts interpret the change in climate and man’s contribution to it. To argue that our earth is not warming is futile; nonetheless, the risk of trying to prevent it is very high. It is only useful if we try to adapt. In the field of climate change, scientists denounce non-science experts claiming that these are technical questions for those who understand the theories and concepts. The controversy over whether global warming exists or not, is undoubtedly, a scientific question. However, deciding whether we should intervene, and if so, what actions to embrace is clearly not a scientific question. It is an economic question, which puts us firmly in the realm of economic experts. For any continuing event, there are five theory responses: maximizing, inverting, preventing, adapting and ignoring. Supposing we do not want to maximize or ignore global warming, the three applicable options are reversing, prevention (known as â€Å"mitigation† in the climate change idiom) or adaptation. Right up until the present day, the favoured option has been prevention. For a period of twenty-five years, public servants have debated only this response. Margaret Thatchers speech to the UN assembly (in 1989) throws light on the beginning of this approach. Later came Al Gore and Kyoto with the Stern Review adding to the list. Currently, David Cameron and Edward Miliband debate about whether or not climate change is a national security threat and which party is best placed to prevent this threat. There are good scientific reasons to believe that prevention (or even inverting) is a realistic option. Since the `90s there have been tremendous breakthroughs with our ability to reduce chlorofluorocarbons. Despite this, there are those who believe that the past twenty-five years have brainwashed us into believing that our potential and ability to prevent global warming by reducing Carbon emissions is much less compared to some Sulphur emissions and other pollutants. These years of framing tremendous exorbitant prevention schemes only took some few degrees centigrade off global warming, in comparison with the rise of three to four degrees. This puts the minimum price of such vanity at 5 per cent of Gross Domestic Product each year, with some models recommending that the definite cost is realistically more than 20 per cent. Scientific inclined people reply by saying we must increase our attempt to prevent global warming from advancing. However, China and India and America will disagree and in economically desolate Britain there are no chances requesting for more. Considering prevention were realistic, policy analysis recommends it would be dreadful an idea to consider. At the moment, according to government criteria in the UK, there is difficulty in trying to get access to a global warming mitigation scheme that matches cost with benefits. As an example, the rediscovery of the strategy for the renewal of energy having a twenty-year cost of fifty-seven billion pounds to seventy billion pounds but only benefits around four billion pounds to five billion pounds. The problem is so worse that couple of years back the guidance for the ministerial sign-off of policy impact assessments amended the strategy so that ministers no longer proclaim that their assertion that benefits will exceed costs. At the present moment, they sign to acknowledge they solely assume that benefits â€Å"justify† costs. The few analysis that found more positive net profits, such as the Climate Change Act of 2008, reckoned a global consensus that has not been implemented. On that note, it is absurd to recommend that the UK’s doing ten times more to prevent warming proceedings could perhaps be an outstanding scheme, even though it will be possible to work. The economics of preventing global warming has simply not been up to the task. Prior to the famous Stern Review, economic experts observing the sector thought that adapting to the change in climate patterns should be the pivotal strategy. What â€Å"adaptation† will suggest in a practical way is that we cut the risk of spending too much money, and the program will be less complicated. There are some UK Green schemes that influence the public to use extravagant energy and make them pay out incompetent immense sum of capital to cater for insulation. These Green systems also tax their traveling in ways that force them to execute reduced trade and craft which does not only hamper the growth, but also make adaptation very hard and unyielding. In the year 2012 the UK authority acquired forty-five billion pounds from fuel taxes, which corresponds to 2.9% GDP. While UK authorities evaluate green schemes will increase medium-scaled vocation invoice by thirty-eight per cent over the next sixteen years. On the contrary, the most outstanding project is by instigatin g GDP to allow the folks to be more prone to behaving in ways that are friendly to their habitat Moreover, the public should not misuse their wealth, on mitigation attempts while fragmenting capital for adaptation. If the UK authorities do not have enough funds and they should opt between money for energy and money for flooding protection, it must be considered a walkover. There is the need to investigate several ways to adapt to the warming of our globe with likely brutal climate. These strategies should change the methods of supporting our rivers by building flood defence systems, developing of crops that can be tolerant to drought and using water sources that are scarce in a more efficient manner. Adaptation would not be inexpensive or straightforward. However, it will be more attainable than prevention and will cost so much less. Additionally, adaptation is highly safer than prevention on two significant techniques. Firstly, we do expect that global warming will not occur as we presume. Ten years earlier, scientists studying climate patterns have scuffled to explain that the temperature has not sprung in view of the late 80s. They persist it does not make any discrepancy to their indelible tale about whether warming advancement exists, and what their consequential effects are. Moreover, perchance, it could be right. Nevertheless it makes a change to policy assessment.   If, in 1997, it was clear that abstaining from mitigation of climate patterns could not cause any rise in temperatures, there should have been a concern to adjust the way we assess our schemes. Virtually no scheme which has no effect within three to five years is a good one to start, by virtue of how we discount our future. Secondly, adaptation is much safer considering we only know nearly insufficient facts about prevention strategies and may suffer a great loss if they do not function, or they might develop delinquent long duration response. When we adapt only when there is a need, there is a reduction in waste of time and capital that is crucial to sustainable development.   At the point of finality, adaptations make us prosperous and have richer tastes. It seems plausible that we can devise means that can stop global warming from getting out of hand. However, we have wasted twenty-five years in trying to prevent warming of our globe, and have merely scraped the plain. In that initiative, we have lost untold large sums of money and are planning to waste even more. We do not have to disbelief the real existence of climate change to reject the notion that adaptation is a not a good tactic. Our method of prevention has perished, adaptation is the key. WORD COUNT: 1235 BISMARK NTIM-PEASAH KOFI BIBLIOGRAPHY: . Australian Broadcasting Corporation, viewed 28 November 2014, .GOV.UK, viewed November 2014, viewed 28 November 2014, .The Guardian, viewed 2 December 2014, .Scientific American, viewed 4th December 2014, .European Commision, viewed 7 December 2014, .The Telegraph, viewed 7 December 2014, . The Telegraph, viewed 7 December 2014, .Wikipedia, viewed 11 January 2014,

Milton S Epic Poem A Paradise Lost Theology Religion Essay

Milton S Epic Poem A Paradise Lost Theology Religion Essay Paradise Lost could possibly be regarded as one of the most controversial and dangerously convincing piece of literary works of all time. Although, ironically English Scholars and English teachings tend to ignore Miltons masterpiece as an exquisitely elegant form of written work, along with the dismissal of the English Commonwealth from 1649 to 1660. The English Commonwealth was a significantly major part of the British Monarch effecting both religious and political ways of life. There are many early modern literature works that were created during this catastrophic event who attempted to influence the British Public through their subtle underlying Propaganda, yet still sticking to strict authorities. Milton was among these writers that were appointed to specifically use his ability to base transcripts, poems and books on maybe the reflection of how leaders of Britain wanted its citizens to think and live. Milton was an influential part of the literary movement of the time that encom passed a move away from free expression and instead became a voice for the governments agenda of the  period. Milton had many creative works but one particular text over the years has stirred up debates across the minds of many critics. Even by todays standards Paradise Lost has caused controversy, leading into accusations of denying Christianity to the sympathising of the devil. After researching critics that have based their works on studying Miltons epic poem, along with looking closely at his involvement with powerful figures of 17th century government, will assist in determining if Paradise Lost was specifically used for political propaganda or if it was purely written from Miltons own beliefs and experiences. On the surface Miltons Paradise Lost, one could say, is a biblical reconstruction of the globally famous story that basis its context for the doctrine of the original sin. There are many critics that have revolved their analysis of Miltons epic poem solely on the theme of religion, which are the major factors that lead to the disproval of Miltons work. Religion during Seventeenth Century Britain was compulsory; it was indeed part of the law to attend to church. Milton himself was a devote Christian which oppose the views of the likes of Blake and C.S Lewis as they accused him of sympathising with the devil. Both insisted Milton was part of the the devil party. Both observations from these key early critics are a contradiction upon Miltons actual religious beliefs and practices he took part in. They accuse Milton of creating him as a sort of sub hero and provide him with humanised characteristics thus making him to be a dangerously likeable character [quote from a critic that support s this]. Realistically, the content of Paradise Lost does in fact have particular parts that reflect upon these early critical responses to the poem. Specifically in books [ ] the devil seems to become the most humanised character of them all, the speeches he presents to the reader are so simply rhetorically persuasive and some of the most beautiful words come from the mouth of Satan, thus the reader being human can relate more so than that of God[quote]. The reader relates through jealously, seduction and the tempting mind, these being only a few of the attributes humans possess that make up who they are. Therefore these human abilities such as failure, temptations and desire are being regarded to be atrocious because they are being presented through the most famously sinful figure in religion, Satan. Consequently leading to the conclusion that Milton could quite possibly be criticising Christianity suggesting the religion denies a humans downfalls, these downfalls being what make a human, human. However, in retrospect to this argument and the question I ask myself, if Milton was a devote Christian himself why would he deny the religion? There were many figures in the literary world that were against the idea that Milton was portraying Christianity as a corrupt religion and believed Paradise Last was actually strongly supporting his own belief [read keel]. Paradise Lost was written after the Restoration of the monarchy of Charles II in sixteen sixty, when he returned the Church of England back to how it was when his father ruled the country. This brought back the restoration of the Catholic Church and the Puritan faith had failed to subdue and the religion was made illegal. It is a very subjective text and the answers are not all in black and white it is extremely hard to pin point what Miltons exact beliefs were but readers must be aware that he was a very religious man. We can see through many parts of the collection of poems some of his beliefs and can interoperate to an e xtent what he was actually trying to say through his words. Therefore from my own research and opinions I have come to accept it is not plausible to claim that Milton is directly attacking the Christian faith. Milton often changed his views of the corrupt religion and government of the time of Britain in the sixteen hundreds, but he wasnt afraid to express his belief as a Puritan. Puritanism was associated on the Parliamentary side during the English Civil War against the Laudianism Church on the Monarchist side. The puritan faith focused on the importance of preaching from the Bible and the idea that God is the only leader of the Church and Milton evidently believed in God, being noticeable through the portrayal of God being the creator and the King of the heavens [Quote from PL]. Paradise Lost is a reconstruction of a well known biblical story of the original sin; therefore this is defiant evidence that Milton pin pointed the importance of unambiguous preaching. Of course many of Miltons masterpieces were a form of preaching; Lares (2001, pg.1) states in Milton and the preaching arts: Miltons poetic programme in terms of genres in which he may choose to write and on this sense of vocation to serve as a poet-priest. The angels in Paradise Lost can be seen as figures of preachers, a subtle way for Milton to put his message across to his readers. As seen through the angel Raphael Milton applies his preaching words through the mouth of the angel, one specific example that shows a message being advocated across is where Raphael is sent forth to Adam to warn him not to eat from the forbidden tree: in the day thou eatst, thou diest; Death is the penalty imposed; beware And govern well thy appetite; lest Sin Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death. (VII 544-547) Raphael here is warning Adam the extent of his punishment if he is to eat the forbidden fruit having an aim to encourage the obedience of Adam towards God. However as Lares (2001, pg.152), again, quotes that in fact Milton favours correction, and in fact has his angel warn against sin rather than encourage virtue Due to background reading it is known that Milton was in favour of the Independents (see further on for more information about Independents) therefore this particular part of his epic poem communicates Miltons own religious views that everyone is entitled to choose what they believe in and not what institutions tell them to believe in. There is also evidence that Milton agreed with this idea that religion should be accessible to the ordinary person, he took part in writing poems for productions in theatres to allow anybody from all walks of life to be educated about God. Milton, like any other Puritan believed in joyfully practicing the faith and some focused on the value of nature and arts and the natural world. Here the Romantic Writers of the sixteenth century can be linked in to Miltons epic poem where throughout beautiful descriptions of the paradise plays an important part of imagery to the readers. WRITE ABOUT Romantics Another factor that contributes to this idea that Milton believed in an equal soceity is the humanising of Satan. Milton believed in an Independent Church, The independents wanted each specific congregation to be able to decide for itself its beliefs and practices. (Christs College  at  Cambridge University). Here I think, personally, that he believed very passionately in God but he did not believe in the institutions that claimed to be doing Gods will. In other words he warned people against believing everything you hear in church and believed instead in following your own personal beliefs so you have a relationship with God instead of with the church. This is conveyed by allowing both Adam and Eve and the devil to be accessible to their freewill. Thus portraying the devil just as human as anyone else; this could also relate to freewill and the Devils own choices to revolt against God. These ideas surrounding free will are explored in chapter one. However some say that Milton re tracts the reader away from the dehumanising of the devil by indeed making him relatable to us in order for us to feel guilty that we feel sympathetic towards him after realising he is in fact evil, by the use of reverse psychology. Milton emphasises how dangerously tempting Satan is therefore attending church and believing in what you believe in will protect from the evil hands of the devil. [Critics quote] Although on the surface Paradise Lost is indeed a biblical piece of literary work, however under the surface there are many hidden messages through Miltons work that can be determined as Political Propaganda of its time. During the Civil war and the Commonwealth Milton was involved heavily with the Government and especially worked closely with Oliver Cromwell. He was appointed the Secretary of Foreign Tongues under the Cromwellian Government and played an important role of being the voice for the English Revolution to the rest of the country. Unlike many he believed in the Republic and was in favour of freedom the Commonwealth have provided for the Puritan faith. Miltons first piece of major Political Propaganda was The  Readie and Easie Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth where he emphasised the importance and benefits of a British Republic. Paradise Lost is possibly a less obvious form of political regime than the less subtle works he created, however it is achievable to regard certain characters and events as parallel to that of what is happening in the real world. Starting with the Devil: He is constantly fighting for his own dignity and freedom which causes the sympathy most people fight for a democracy especially in 17th century Britain Devil is a symbolic of the failure of the discourse of politics and the corrupt religion should be free and not illegal. The devil could actually be a portrayal of Cromwell or maybe even Milton himself constant battle with lord and rules god/king However when PL was written it was known that Milton actually changed his views on Cromwell and saw flaws in him son couldnt follow him, false leader ship is the devil, wrong.. God can be seen obviously as Godomniscient/ powerful/ leader highly regarded in paradise lost, so should he be in society and not the king the devil could also be see Many Throughout Miltons work there is a fine line between his political and religious beliefs

The Value of Narrative in Ceremony Essay -- Ceremony Essays

The Value of Narrative in Ceremony      Ã‚   The story is the most powerful and most compelling form of human expression in Leslie Marmon Silko's novel Ceremony. Stories reside within every part of every thing; they are essentially organic. Stories are embedded with the potential to express the sublime strength of humanity as well as the dark heart and hunger for self destruction. The process of creating and interpreting stories is an ancient, ongoing, arduous, entangled, but ultimately rewarding experience. As Tayo begins to unravel his own troubled story and is led and is led toward this discovery, the reader is also encouraged on a more expansive level to undertake a similar interpretive journey. Each story is inextricably bound to a virtually endless narrative chain. While reaching an epiphanal moment, a moment of complete clarity, l is by no means guaranteed, by presenting Tayo as an example, Silko at least suggests there is fundamental worth in pursuing and creating stories.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Silko counsels that the story's potential for good or ill should not be easily discounted or dismissed. She seems to understand all too well that human beings house both virtuous and vicious impulses; our stories are infused with both the sinister and the sublime. There is a unifying, mythical or archetypal realm which exists just beyond the scope of individual consciousness. Stories are tethered to and wound around this insubstantial place, and the power of each story is firmly rooted in this connection.   The novel, presented as a series of disjointed, possibly problematic, narrative frames, attempts to draw attention to this fact. "...no word exists alone, and the reason for choosing each word had to be explained with a stor... ...toward the close of the novel that "He had only heard and seen the world as it had always was: no boundaries, only transitions through all distances and time" (246). Ironically, though these transitions, changes in the specific vernacular or ritual may be significant from generation to generation, the underlying theme remains constant: we are inseparable from the universe. "I already heard these stories before... only thing is the names sound different" (260). Within the self imposed boundaries of the text, each story creates new space for thoughts and emotions which are common to the human condition. Perhaps because the story houses the possibility for our ultimate destruction or redemption, Silko describes the story, its creation, its meaning, as the defining moment of humanity.    Work Cited: Silko, Leslie Marmon. Ceremony. New York: Penguin Books, 1977.

Why Some Forms of Opposition Were More Successful than Others in the Pe

Why Some Forms of Opposition Were More Successful than Others in the Period 1798-1921 The Act of Union, 1801. Ireland was to be joined to Great Britain into a single kingdom, the Dublin parliament was to be abolished. Ireland was to be represented at Westminster (all were Anglicans), the Anglican Church was to be recognised as the official Church of Ireland, no Catholics were to be allowed to hold public office and there was to be no Catholic Emancipation. Immediately we can see from this that any form of opposition would be to destroy this act. Fundamentally it destroyed all catholic rights and forced them to renounce their Catholic faith and take on a Protestant one. In Ireland Daniel O'Connell developed a reputation for his radical political views. By the early 1920's the Irish people started to listen to O'Connell's views and he gathered a large group of supporters. O'Connell had many aims in his political career. O'Connell's goal was to repeal against the act of union. When the Act of Union was passed in 1801 it did not help the Irish. It simply brought problems and distrust to the Irish people. O'Connell organised a meeting to discuss the repeal of the Act of Union, three quarters of a million Irish turned up. They were known as 'Monster Meetings'. We can see that O'Connell successfully created an Irish nation movement and completely changed the British view of the Irish. The British now had a certain amount of respect for the Irish and even feared and threatened their movement. This support from the people could show us the later success that O'Connell has in his opposition, as a movement without opposition would ultimately ... ...d in the cruellest yet effective way possible. Collins achievements were many: he helped fight the British to a stalemate by changing the rules of warfare and setting up an intelligence network to rival the Empire's. He helped negotiate a treaty, which gave Ireland the first stepping stone to become a Republic, and oversaw Ireland's turbulent transition to democracy. His achievements were, however, not without a price. He precipitated the bloody War of Independence against the British and the treaty deal brought back from London split the country into two fiercely opposing halves and plunged the country into the throes of a traumatic civil war. Thus ultimately opposition needed to be well organised and have enough support to succeed, constitutional nationalism had this through its methods of working through the system.

The 13th of December, 1666

The events, which took place on the 13th of December 1666. Made a dramatic change in my life. First I will tell you a bit about myself. My name is Mark. I am sixteen years old and I go to St Paul high school. I have one Brother who is five years younger than me called Bill. I also have a nagging step -mum who has looked after me since I was two. My real mum died in very strange circumstances but dad will not tell me the full story so I don't know much about it. At school I used to have two best friends. They were Sarah and Will. Will has blue eyes and a lovely personality. I had known Sarah ever since I was three. Sarah's mum and my step mum got on with each other really well. Will is one of my best friends; he's the only person who can make me laugh on a bad day. I am no longer friend with them now, after that horrible day of 13th of December. It all started when I was invited to a Will's Halloween party, I loved parties especially the food and dancing. We were all having a great time dancing eating etc†¦Until after the party had ended when Will, Sarah and I played truth or dare it was all fine until it came to my turn. They dared me to go in the haunted house, which was located near by. I couldn't refuse otherwise I would have been called a chicken at school for the next year so I reluctantly agreed. Up in a dark hill where the moon shines through the bare branches which casts an eerie feel to the atmosphere and where many crows are sitting on the branches looking, and waiting for the time to strike for there next victim. Stands an old house, â€Å"The House of Death† its called by the villagers. A chill went down my spine as I was walking up the hill. Flashes of stories came rushing to my mind. I tried to convince my self that those stories were all a bunch of lies. As I got to the top of the hill I reached for the big wooden door, which was covered with graffiti. My friends stayed outside so I would go in alone. As I entered the house I put my torch on, as the light in the house was not so bright I then took a few small curious step down the long corridor the door slammed behind I suddenly jump and took a few deep breaths and don't know what to expect to happen. As I was walking down the corridor the floorboards creaked which echoed down the corridor, water was dripping from the ceiling, there was many cobwebs on the side and corners of the corridor. I wanted to turn around and just run straight through that door which I entered. But I couldn't, I would then have been called a chicken. So I carried on walking down the corridor hoping for this day to end when suddenly I heard a machine being switched on at the bottom of the corridor. â€Å"Who is it, ok jokes over come out now?† I shouted There was no response and I really started to shit my self as there was total silence again I tried to convince my self that it was Will and Sarah being immature but I was still unsure. The silence crated a really terrifying tone, which turned this dare in to a nightmare came true. My head was rushing wild with stories, images and movies of when the main character dies in trying to impress someone. I kept on telling my self that it was all nonsense. When suddenly the light started flickering to my bad luck my torch also went out. I tried to hit it back on and it wouldn't come on. I started singing to my self to take my mind of the horrifying images, which were entering my mind when suddenly somebody or someone was whispering out my name, near the end of the dark corridor. â€Å"Who is it, who are you, stop messing around now it isn't funny† I shouted There was no response and my voiced echoed around the corridor. Frighteningly the lights went out, my heart was pumping faster and faster, my feet felt as if they were stuck to the ground I couldn't move it as I was so scared I was unable to breath I was taking deep breaths. I shouted out on top of my voice † Who are you!† To my joy the lights came back and I was so relieved until I looked on the floor, there was a note saying go to the room on your left. I didn't know what to expect from this note. I got really scared as to thinking that who was behind this insane prank. I didn't know what to expect so I gathered all my courage and decided to enter the room and see what is in store for me I turned to the left and entered the room and there stood in the middle of the room my dead mother. I busted out in tears to see such a sight I was terrified and feeling a sick as she been cut open from many part of her body. I went over slowly to see my mother when suddenly I heard machines being switched on again and this time I also heard my name being called out by someone. I looked all around me to see if any one was there, I couldn't see any one but I was terrified so I ran back to the door which I came from and left. I came out with a white scared face and tears running down my cheeks. Sarah and Will looked in shock when they saw me in the state that I was in. â€Å"What happened in there are you ok,† asked Will and Sarah I told them that my dead mother was in there. Sarah was in total shock her face turned blue. But Will didn't believe me he said that my mum must have been buried as she has died. So he went to see for him self I was outside with Sarah telling her what happened, when Will came rushing out saying there's nothing there I said there is something there. We went in together and where my dead mother once laid was now missing†¦there was a silence in the room I said to my self who or what was it †¦ I'm now writing this in my dying days, My story is the truth it is not some wild fantasy made up to scare people with. Mine really did happen. The story is personal to me and telling it to anyone makes me appear insane to the outside world. I guess it does seem unbelievable in retrospect. The images of that night of the 13th of December still haunt me to this day I am hoping that you will never feel the need to show courage, as I did to my friends, because the results may not be what you expect That night I lost my friends and my sanity.

The Rapid Expansion Of Urban Spaces Environmental Sciences Essay

Rapid enlargement of urban infinites has caused force per unit area on delicate ecosystem of the metropolis. Uneven growing of assorted parts has made migration a serious challenge. Increasing population growing of metropolitan has created concretization of island metropolis and glade of critical flowered resources. Thousands of people from assorted parts of the state come to Mumbai every month. Around 43 per cent of metropolis ‘s population considered to be migratory. The prevailing migrators are of rural beginning, coming from assorted parts of the state, with two-third to three-quarterss of all migrators belonging to this class. There are migrators from other states as good but these have been less than one per cent since 1981 ( Census ; 2001 ) . This tendency migration is a Destruction of Rhizophora mangle that was the home ground of several species of fishes have combined to go forth the metropolis ‘s fisher common people of around 50,075 ( Marine Fisheries Census ; 2005 ) panting for endurance. Among assorted grounds economic factors have been the major cause for migration to Mumbai. About 69 per cent of males stated that employment was the chief motivation behind their motion. The information show that the rate of migrators in hunt for better employment has been higher in the late ninetiess. Social grounds such as matrimony and attach toing the household constituted about 90 per cent of female migration. ( Singh 2001 ) Population force per unit area is continuously increasing in the coastal country, so because of this spread outing population Rhizophora mangle is confronting important force per unit area of devastation. Mangroves have been cleared and degraded on an dismaying graduated table during the past four decennaries ( Valiela et al. , 2001 ; Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003 ; Duke et al. , 2007 ) , yet they remain an of import beginning of wood and nutrient merchandises and supply vitally of import environmental services for coastal communities throughout the Torrid Zones ( Balmford et al. , 2002 ) .Climate and RainfallKolis of MumbaiKolis are the traditional fishing community of Mumbai and are the original dwellers of the island metropolis. Fishing is still the chief beginning of their support. The interesting fact is that, Mumbai is derived from the Koli word, ‘Mumba ‘ , which means goddess of H2O. Several records reveal that Kolis have been found in Mumbai from early times. Dr. Gerso n district attorney Cunha in the book ‘Origin of Mumbai ‘ describes old Mumbai as ‘the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. The Kolis are reported to hold occupied the land in A.D. 1138 The Koli community has several subcastes, the outstanding 1s are Koli kolis, Mangela Kolis, Mahadeo kolis, Suryawanshi kolis, Vaity kolis, Koli Christians. Kolis are divided into two occupational categories ; Dolkars Vatsad Dolkars are normally rich compared to Vatsad among Kolis. Dolkars pattern angling on big graduated table Vatsads, who are a hapless category of fishermen normally in the employ of the richer members of the community. Work force are largely engaged in angling while, adult females take attention of lodging activities and merchandising of fish in the local market. Lot of their day-to-day activities depend on the fishing season and tidal motion. Koli is the chief linguistic communication spoken by the community, Marathi is another often used linguistic communication among Kolis.What are Mangroves?Mangroves are a group of trees, thenars, bushs, vines and ferns that portion a common ability to populate in boggy saline dirt. These workss have developed unusual versions to the alone environmental conditions in which they are found. Mangrove can be typically refered to an single species. Footings such as Rhizophora mangle ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove community and mangrove swamp are u sed interchangeably to depict the full Rhizophora mangle community ( Smithsonian Inst. 1996 ) . There are around 80 species of Rhizophora mangles found throughout the universe ( Saenger et al. , 1983 ) . Largely they occur within tropical and semitropical coastal countries subjected to tidal impact. Tidal country can be interpreted to intend a shoreline inundated by the extremes of tides, or it can more widely mention to river-bank communities where tides cause some fluctuation in H2O degree but no alteration in salt ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) . There are chiefly two types of Rhizophora mangle ; sole and non-exclusive. Exclusive Rhizophora mangles are the largest group, consisting about 60 species ( Saenger et al. , 1983 ) . These Rhizophora mangles are confined to intertidal countries. Rest 20 species are referred as non-exclusive. Non-exclusive Rhizophora mangles differ from the sole Rhizophora mangle in the sense that these turn sooner in drier and more tellurian countries.Features of MangroveMangrove DistributionMangrove woods comprise up to 50 species of woody halophytes restricted to sheltered saline tidal countries, and one time occupied around 75 % of tropical seashores and recesss ( Ellison 1997 ) . Mangroves are the plats of tropical sheltered shores. Mangroves are found throughout the universe between latitudes 32A °N and 38A °S. The upper and lower bounds of this scope are determined by temperature ( Chapman, 1976 ; Tomlinson, 1986 ) .Mangrove Distribution in IndiaHarmonizing to the Government of India, the e ntire country of the Rhizophora mangles in India was about at 6,740 sq. Km. this covered about 7 % of the universe mangroves ( Krishnamurthy, 1987 ) and about 8 % of the Indian coastline ( Untawale, 1987 ) . But recent 2005 information of Survey of India, Dehradun shows an extent of 4,445 sq. kilometer. mangrove countries in India. Out of the entire land area, 57 % of the Rhizophora mangles are found on the East Coast, 23 % on the West seashore and the staying 20 % on Andaman and Nicobar Islands.Mangrove Distribution in MaharashtraMaharashtra has 720 kilometer long coastline, which has assorted characteristic characteristics of beaches and bouldery drops flanked by estuaries and spots of Rhizophora mangles. Maharashtra coastal zone extends between the latitude 15 52'N and 20 10'N and longitude 72 10'E and 73 10'E and falls under five territories of Thane, Mumbai, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Ratnagiri. The Rhizophora mangles of Maharashtra are the most diverse among the West seashore and har monizing to the Forest Survey of India ( FSI ) covered 116 sq. kilometer in 2003. The country under Rhizophora mangles in Maharashtra was 200 sq. kilometer. in 1972-75, which reduced to 108 sq. kilometer. in 1997.Mangroves of MumbaiMangrove along the seashore of Mumbai ever faced the challenge of assorted anthropogenetic activities over the decennary. In early 1890ss around 37 sq.km. Of Rhizophora mangle existed in Mumbai, largely in Versova, Gorai, Mahim brook, Thane and Ghodbunder. Some sparsely covered spots of Rhizophora mangle are besides found in Bandra, Colaba, Mahul and Malabar Hill. The most commonly happening species of Rhizophora mangle in Mumbai is Avicennia marina, this covers the about 60 per cent of species diverseness. The characteristic characteristic of Avicennia marina makes it tolerable for high salt country. This species besides tolerates pollution including heavy metals such as lead, quicksilver and Cr.Table: Some of the commonly found Rhizophora mangles in Mumbai( Beginning: Kulkarni, 2007 )TemperatureMangroves largely occur in countries where the mean temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20A °C and the seasonal scope does non transcend 10A °C. Lower temperature and hoar besides limits the growing and distribution of Rhizophora mangle ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) .RainCoastal countries which receive ample sum of rainfall, heavy overflow and ooze into the intertidal zone from the backwoods are most suited for Rhizophora mangle. These countries receive extended deposit which provides immense measure of foods, which in bend are favorable for Rhi zophora mangle growing ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) .Importance of MangroveMultifaceted importance of Rhizophora mangle has been realised in recent times but its ecological importance is known to scientific community since 100s of old ages. Importance of Rhizophora mangle can be loosely classified under following caputs:Ecological ImportanceMangroves are considered to be the most productive natural ecosystem throughout the universe. Mangrove ecosystem comprise of legion assortments of vegetations and zoologies. Mangrove forest consist of 70 taxonomically diverse tree, bush, thenar and fern species under 27 genera, 20 households, and nine orders that portion a suite of convergent versions to saline, anoxic home grounds ( e.g. Tomlinson, 1986 ; Stewart & A ; Popp, 1987 ; Ball, 1988 ; Duke et Al, 1998 ) .Economic ImportanceMangroves provide a huge scope of wood and non-wood wood merchandises which are of good economic value such as lumber, fuel wood, medical specialty, thatch, honey, fresh fish , wood coal etc.Legislative Framework for Conservation and Management of Mangrove in IndiaThe Indian Forest Act, 1927: Supply protection to â€Å" flora and fauna † . The Indian Forest Act has been applied to the Rhizophora mangle wood of the Sundarbans, which have been declared as a â€Å" Reserved Area † . The Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972: Supply protection to â€Å" flora and fauna † . Although they do non specifically mention Rhizophora mangles, these Acts of the Apostless can besides use to the preservation of the vegetations and zoologies of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980: States that â€Å" No forest country shall be diverted for any non-forestry intent † without anterior blessing of the Government of India. This act has proved really effectual in forestalling recreation of Rhizophora mangle forest country for non-forestry intent. Coast Guard Act, 1978: The concern for â€Å" Marine and Coastal Waterss † has led to formation of a particular force, The act stipulate that Cost guard should battle oil pollution beyond 5 kilometers in the sea and execute surveillance responsibility against international dumping of oil or waste by ship/tanker. The Environmental ( Protection ) Act, 1986: It has a important function in the Conservation and Management of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. It declares a â€Å" Coastal Regulation Zone † notified in 1991, in which industrial and other activities such as discharge of untreated H2O and wastewaters, dumping of waste and land renewal are restricted in order to protect the Coastal environment. Condition of Mangrove in Coastal Regulation Zone It is stipulated that in instance of Rhizophora mangle with an country of 1000 sq.m or more, would be classified as CRZ with a buffer zone of at least 50 thousand Mangrove is a tropical tree growth, along the seashore and requires saline H2O for its growing. Expert in this field say that Rhizophora mangle are really of import along the seashore for breakage of tides and it is valuable resources holding several direct utilizations. Hence proper the protection of Rhizophora mangle is really of import. ( Chauhan, 2004 ) Prohibited Activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone ( a ) Setting of new industries and enlargement of bing industries ( except those straight related to waterfront or straight necessitating for shore installations ) . ( B ) Industry, managing, storage or disposal of risky substances. ( degree Celsius ) Puting up and enlargement of fish treating units including warehousing ( vitamin D ) Discharge of untreated wastes and wastewaters from industries, metropoliss and other human colonies. ( vitamin E ) Dumping of metropoliss and town wastes for the intent of land filling. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermic power station. ( g ) Land renewal bunding or upseting the natural class of saltwater with similar obstructors except those required for control of coastal eroding. ( H ) Mining of littorals, stones and others sub strain stuffs except other minerals non available outside the CRZ countries. ( I ) Construction activities in ecologically sensitive countries. ( J ) Any building activities between the Low Tide line and high tide line except in permitted countries. ( K ) Dressing or changing of sand dunes, hills natural characteristics including landscape alterations.Regulation of Permissible Activities in Coastal Regulation Zone1. Clearance shall be given for any activities within the CRZ if it requires waterfronts and bow shore installations. 2. The undermentioned activities will necessitate environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest Govt. of India. a ) Construction activities related to defense mechanism demands for which bow shore installations are required ( e.g. Breakwaters etc. ) . B ) Operational buildings for ports and seaports and beacons necessitating H2O frontage Jetty, waves quays etc. degree Celsius ) Thermal Power Plants ( merely foreshore installations for conveyance of natural stuffs for consumption of chilling H2O and out autumn for discharge of treated waste H2O ) . vitamin D ) All other activities with investing transcending rupees Five Crores. 3. a ) The Coastal provinces and Union district Administration shall fix Coastal Zone Management Plans at the earliest and blessing be taken from Central Govt. in the Ministry of Forest and Environment. B ) Within the Framework of such blessing plans the State Govt./U.T. Administration or local Authorities shall modulate all development and activities within the Coastal Regulation Zone. Misdemeanor of Coastal Regulation Zone has been seen in assorted parts of Mumbai Metropolitan part. Several environmental militants have raised the voice against these misdemeanors. Coastal country is critical to the prosperity of state and normally most productive countries, back uping a wealth of marine resources. With rapid industrialisation, urbanisation, attendant pollutions and consuming resources along the seashore have resulted in debasement of coastal ecosystem and decreasing the life resources. Environmentally effectual coastal zone direction requires accurate, up to day of the month and comprehensive scientific information on which policy determination can be used.Mangrove Destruction and its ImpactImportance of Rhizophora mangle has been recognised by assorted stakeholders of the society viz. scientists, authorities, local populations of biotic and socioeconomic services. Accurate estimations of planetary deforestation rates of Rhizophora mangles are non available ; its well-known environmental and socioeconomic impacts are observed and progressively documented in coastal communities that depend straight on Rhizophora mangles, and in highland communi ties with economic links to the seashore. The primary cause of devastation throughout the universe is clear cutting, illegal dumping and renewal ; these are carried for the intent of agricultural activities, aquaculture, urban enlargement, and resort development and have threatened the bulk of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. This devastation worsening economic emphasis of mostly low-income, fast turning local population, who are driven to work Rhizophora mangles despite clear marks of debasement. Mangrove woods are a beginning of support for 1000s of coastal communities in developing states worldwide ; these communities traditionally harvest fish, runt, lumber, non-timber wood Products, and fuel wood from them. The importance of the Rhizophora mangle ecosystem transcends purveying services and includes regulative, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services. However, these services are decreasing globally, most particularly the provisioning service, and this is seting the supports of coastal communities at hazard and increasing their exposure to tropical storms and rushs. These tendencies are the result of mounting anthropogenetic activities such as brackish H2O aquaculture, mangrove forest glade for substructure development and varied degrees of reaping for subsistence. Because of these force per unit areas, Rhizophora mangles in coastal tropical developing states are being degraded ; for case, 20-30 % of Rhizophora mangle woods have been lost in West-Central Africa since 1980 ( UNEP-WCMC, 2007 ) .Mangrove and FishingLinkages Between Mangrove and Fishing Fishs and invertebrates use estuarial and onshore home grounds in a figure of ways: some are lone occasional visitants ; some use them merely at certain life phases, whereas others reside for good in the estuaries ( Lenanton & A ; Potter 1987, Potter et Al. 1990, Potter & A ; Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999 ) . There are assorted groups of fishes and invertebrates which show distinguishable association with Rhizophora mangle. Fishes which are found on occasion in estuaries are termed as Marine strayers ( Potter & A ; Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999 ) and these strayers have least dependance on estuaries. There are species which uses estuaries and inshore parts for important clip period particularly during juvenile phase merely. In some marine species juveniles are merely found in Rhizophora mangles and these are termed as Rhizophora mangle dependant species ; e.g. , banana shrimp P. merguiensis ( Staples et al. 1985, Vance et Al. 1996 ) . Catadromous species travel between fresh and marine H2O besides use mangrove home grounds at certain life phases e.g. , barramundi Lates calcarifer ( Russell & A ; Garrett 1983 ) . Some species spend their full life rhythm in estuaries and are termed as true estuarine species. The importance of Rhizophora mangle for prolonging production of piscary in coastal ecosystem is a widely held paradigm that mangroves act as of import baby's room sites for piscaries species. The map of Rhizophora mangles as baby's room sites is widely accepted ( e.g. , Blaber 2000, Kathiresan & A ; Bingham 2001 ) and this paradigm is used for of import direction determinations on home ground preservation and Restoration of Rhizophora mangle ( Beck et al. 2001 ) . There are besides theories that provinces ; country of Rhizophora mangle home ground in an estuary translates to the secondary production and gimmick of commercial piscaries ( Baran 1999 ) . There are clear instances of illustration which depict the correlativity between the magnitude of commercial finfish gimmicks and the extent of Rhizophora mangles. For illustration, in the Philippines, a positive, but weak, correlativity was found between mangrove country and the gimmick of four households of commercial fish ( Paw & A ; Chua 1991 ) . Freshwater Mangrove Marine Freshwater Mangrove Marine Figure Number of fish and shrimp species happening in fresh water, Marine and mangrove ecosystem demoing higher species diverseness in the Rhizophora mangles ( Islam & A ; Haque 2005 ) . Mangrove as nursery site for fishes: Mangroves and estuaries portion characteristic characteristics such as shallow H2O, reduced wave action, high organic content in the deposit, high primary production and protection from marauders, which may all lend to their function as baby's rooms. Nursery countries for fishes have been regarded as any countries inhabited by the juveniles, frequently with the grownups populating in separate home grounds. But, this definition of baby's room is challenged by Beck et Al, ( 2001 ) ; he proposes a different image of fish baby's rooms â€Å" a home ground is a baby's room for juveniles of a peculiar species if its part per unit country to the production of persons that recruit to adult populations is greater, on norm, than production from other home grounds in which juveniles occur † . Harmonizing to this definition baby's room is that portion of habitat country of juvenile which are most productive in footings of supply of recruits to adult populations and, hence, to piscaries. Based on the generative form and its association with the Rhizophora mangle fishes can be classified into following four classs: a ) Regular spawners The spawning activity of the species occurs on a regular basis in the Rhizophora mangle. The species are non needfully resident in the part, but they ever use it to engender. e.g. S. rastrifer, B. Ronchus B ) Occasional spawners The spawning activity in the Rhizophora mangle is simply occasional. This part can be used to engender, but there is no grounds that a great figure of persons in this group of species use it. These species are non as abundant in the Rhizophora mangle as those of regular spawners. e.g. C. parallelus, C. edentulus degree Celsius ) Matures in system The spawning activity of the species does non happen in the Rhizophora mangle, but this part is frequented on a regular basis during the concluding stage of ripening. e.g. I. Parvipinnis vitamin D ) Do non maturate in system The spawning activity does non happen in the Rhizophora mangle, and the gonadal ripening, if present, does non happen in many single. e.g. P. corvinaeformis, P. brasiliensis The exact function of Rhizophora mangles as baby's rooms are non good understood but a figure of hypotheses have been proposed to explicate this function ( Robertson & A ; Blaber 1992, Blaber 2000 ) . The three chief hypotheses are that Rhizophora mangles provide juveniles with ( 1 ) Safety from marauders Numerous piscivorous fish enter Rhizophora mangle during the high tide period ( Blaber et al. 1989, Vance et Al. 1996 ) therefore smaller fishes escape their marauders by come ining in Rhizophora mangle. This is attributed by assorted factors structural complexness of submersed flora, shallow H2O and turbidness can give important safeties from marauders, particularly for little, nomadic animate beings ( Robertson & A ; Duke 1987, Robertson & A ; Blaber 1992 ) . Mangroves provide the protection from prey by structural complexness as Rhizophora mangle home ground is really complex structurally because of pneumatophores and fallen dust ( leaves, subdivisions and logs ) , prop roots, buttresses and subdivisions. These constructions provide protection in assorted ways: by cut downing prey visibleness, by take downing brush rate of quarry and marauder, and by restricting the ability of marauder to seek for and gaining control quarry ( Ronnback et al. 1999 ) . Shallow H2O status does non favor the entry of big marauders therefore supplying another signifier of garbage for little fishes and crustaceans ( Boesch & A ; Turner 1984, Blaber 2000 ) . It has been observed at assorted topographic points that little fishes and shrimps moved into more shallow Waterss while larger predatory fishes remained in deeper H2O at the peripheries of the Rhizophora mangles. High turbidness and shadow beneath the Rhizophora mangle canopy decreases the submerged visibleness. The turbid and shaded H2O frequently found around Rhizophora mangles may therefore supply an extra safety from ocular marauders ( Blaber & A ; Blaber 1980, Whitfield 1999 ) . Juvenile fishes acquire attracted to turbid countries and may utilize the turbidness gradient to turn up nursery countries. Abundances of some fish species have been found to be higher in countries of higher turbidness ( Blaber 2000 ) . Figure: Conceptual conventional diagram of the food and energy fluxes in self-sustained Rhizophora mangle ecosystem and the interaction of Rhizophora mangle with next fresh water and offshore marine ecosystem. ( Beginning: Islam & A ; Haque, 2005 ) ( 2 ) Abundance of nutrient Nutrient content and primary productiveness are normally really high in mangrove country and nutrient handiness is more for fishes and crustaceans than any other coastal home grounds. Food comes to the Rhizophora mangle system from upstream and from seaward and they are concentrated in mangrove country by pin downing. Primary productiveness in the Rhizophora mangle forest itself attributed to several beginnings including air plants, phytoplankton, mangrove trees, and benthal microalgae ( Ronnback 1999 ) . Assorted fishes consume most of their provender when they come to the mangrove country. Primary productiveness in Rhizophora mangle wood forms the footing of a nutrient web providing abundant and varied trophic resources to higher consumers ( Baran & A ; Hambrey 1998 ) . Mangrove forest green goods litter throughput the twelvemonth, they have the ability to bring forth big measures of litter, runing from 10,000 to 14,000 kilograms dry weight/ ha/ twelvemonth ( Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984 ) . Most animals are unable to absorb this straight and necessitate bacterial enrichment before ingestion. However, sesarmid pediculosis pubis can straight devour Rhizophora mangle litter and/or store 30-80 % of the litterfall ( Ronnback 1999 ) . These pediculosis pubiss are eaten by fishes, making a tract for Rhizophora mangle foods to come in nutrient webs. ( 3 ) Shelter from physical perturbations Mangrove home ground is the country of low current, where impact of coastal tide gets reduced. This provides the little juvenile fishes benign physical environment to settle. Mangrove presence increases the abode clip of H2O, particularly in level, broad Rhizophora mangles with complex waterways ( Wolanski & A ; Ridd 1986 ) . The juveniles of few species of crustaceans, such as banana shrimps Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus ) , are found entirely in Rhizophora mangle ecosystem ( Staples et al. 1985, Vance et Al. 1998, Ronnback et Al. 2002 ) and are described as extremely mangrove-dependent. It has been established from assorted surveies that approximately two tierce of universe ‘s fish and shellfish crop are straight linked to estuarine home ground ( Robertson & A ; Blaber 1992 ) .Mangrove DestructionAssorted surveies confirm the devastation of Rhizophora mangle throughout the Earth and in peculiar have focused on gauging the entire country cleared, rate of glade, loss of deposits and eroding ( Hatcher et al. 1989, Valiela et Al. 2001, Alongi 2002 ) .