Fahrenheit 451 And 1984 - The Fear Of Utopia Essay

Several conflicting frames of mind have played defining roles in shaping humanity throughout the twentieth century. Philosophical optimism of a bright future held by humanity in general was taken advantage of by the promise of a better life through sacrifice of individuality to the state. In the books Brave New World, 1984, and Fahrenheit 451 clear opposition to these subtle entrapments was voiced in similarly convincing ways. They first all established, to varying degrees of balance, the atmosphere and seductiveness of the â€Å"utopia† and the fear of the consequences of acting in the non-prescribed way through character development. A single character is alienated because of their inability to conform – often in protest to the forced†¦show more content†¦When these and other questions weigh upon his mind he begins to realize that something is fundamentally wrong with the world he is living in. In Brave New World the main character, Bernard, is set apart from society by physical differences, which, in a society of ‘engineered’ people is extremely inhibiting. It is these ‘defects’ which cause him to look for a deeper meaning than the drug induced happiness forced upon him. These characters, although alienated in the novels, are believable and rational. The acts of their questioning in their search for the truth and real emotion persuade the reader to do the same thing. It is in this manner that the utility of these novels becomes apparent; through the demands they make of the reader personally - a superior social commentary, one that demands interaction, is born. The characters’ struggles to hide their newly found individuality is a futile one. In Orwell’s interpretation of the totalitarian state of 1984, the society is technically and urbanly engineered to spy on and perceive people’s very thoughts. The society justifies these invasions by eliminating the importance of the individual. The constant barrage of information regarding the greatness of the state and Big Brother’s supremacy over the common man forces everyone (in good mental health) to accept these as the only unchanging facts. Any deviation from these beliefs would be immediately noticeable, andShow MoreRelated1984 vs. Fahrenheit 4512544 Words   |  11 Pages1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451 â€Å"Do you begin to see, then what kind of world we are creating? It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 267). 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are both dystopias, although in each society, the government tells the citizens that it is a utopia. A dystopia is, â€Å"An imaginary place or state in which the condition of life is extremely bad, as from deprivation, oppression or terror† (â€Å"dystopia†). On the other hand, a utopia is described as, â€Å"An ideally perfectRead MoreEssay Moral and Ethical Issues, A Comparative Study2300 Words   |  10 Pagesour moral values and ethical views. This paper will explore some moral and ethical issues about choice through several short stories: Sonny Blues, Cathedral, and The Lottery, and there will be two novels explored primarily; Fahrenheit 451 and George Orwells 1984. The moral and ethical views that these books and short stories show us about our society today and the lessons that everyone could learn from them will be explored. To do this we must first understand the difference between moralsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressiveRead MoreThe Loss of Personal Freedoms in a Totalitarian Government Essays1810 Words   |  8 Pagesspeak freely, they do not enjoy any personal freedoms or privacy, and the media is aggressively censored. This is the world of George Orwell’s 1984 and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. The protagonist of Fahrenheit 451 is Guy Montag, and he is a fireman. His job is to destroy books completely by setting fire to them. Winston Smith is the main character in 1984, where he works as a civil servant in the lower class ruling party. Both of these men bec ome entranced with the past and how life was before aRead MoreEssay The Myopia of Dystopia3805 Words   |  16 Pagesetc#8230; A utopian world is a difficult, if not impossible, one to forge. Novels such as Brave New World, Fahrenheit 451, and 1984 are dystopian novels, with often-satirical undertones within their pages. This works are allegories, sardonic depictions of our societies ills. Each work contain strong hard-hitting political messages with common themes such as the fine line that divides a utopia and a dystopia and the sharp contrast in the perception of the characters within the works and the readerRead MoreOne Of The First Dystopian Novels To Become Famous Was1396 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the first dystopian novels to become famous was 1984. The concept of dystopian novels is not only to entertain readers, but to let them understand the characteristics and ideas of a dystopian society. Some of these characteristics are shown through our society but at a more drasti c level. Basic fears are exaggerated such as the following: distrust of others, disease, contaminated water, nuclear holocaust, etc. The reader can gain more knowledge by finding ways in which the topics the authorRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The Hunger Games979 Words   |  4 Pages1984, the first most influential dystopian novel, set the stage for the future post-apocalypse genre. The â€Å"Big Brother† style overbearing government plowed the way for novels such as the Giver, Fahrenheit 451, The Maze Runner, Divergent, and the Hunger Games. George Orwell wrote 1984 as a warning/prediction of what was to become of the world if it kept on its route. In many ways, some of Orwell’s predictions came true. The main ideas of Orwell’s 1984 inspired Suzanne Collins in her writing of theRead MoreCritics of Novel 1984 by George Orwell14914 Words   |  60 Pages1984 In George Orwells 1984, Winston Smith wrestles with oppression in Oceania, a place where the Party scrutinizes human actions with ever-watchful Big Brother. Defying a ban on individuality, Winston dares to express his thoughts in a diary and pursues a relationship with Julia. These criminal deeds bring Winston into the eye of the opposition, who then must reform the nonconformist. George Orwells 1984 introduced the watchwords for life without freedom: BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. Written

Chaucers The Wise Wife of Bath Essay - 1385 Words

Chaucers The Wise Wife of Bath The Wife of Bath, in my opinion, is one of Chaucers wisest characters. I am somewhat surprised that he made up such a character, as he was writing these tales in the early fourteenth century. She took what she did have, which was wit and wisdom, and used it to her advantage. Although she was assumed to be an ugly old woman, she had five husbands all of whom she had mastered only to have them die. She personifies the character that women of her era secretly aspired to, however because of the restrictions imposed upon them by society, they could not be the Wife of Bath. She is obviously a very strong woman and knows what she wants.†¦show more content†¦The reason why the Wife of Bath tells this tale, it seems, is to take the audience into her own way of seeing the world. She tells this tale with many parallels to her own life in hopes to make the listeners see that women are meant to be heard. They have good insight into the world. The wise, old woman obviously has gained a wealth of knowledge from her years of experience to be deemed a reliable source of information and, fatefully the knight takes her advice without question. The Wife of Bath is pleading the emancipation of women and the inaccurate perception of beauty. She is able to create a tale where the womans voice is heard and she gets what she wants. The beauty part comes in only because after the old woman tells the knight that her request is for him to take her hand in marriage, with the promise that she will be faithfully devoted. The knight agrees but is disgusted with her ugliness. She explains to him that it is better to have a wife who is good on the inside and will virtually do anything for him, than to have a wife whom other men will leer at, with more of a chance that she will be unfaithful to him. He sees her point, but still unsure of how he feels about the situation, he tells her to choose, of course she wants him to have her, ugliness and all. The Wife of Bath includes this part because even though she isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparing the Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale569 Words   |  3 PagesIn Geoffrey Chaucer’s poem The Canterbury Tales a young Chaucer tells of the people he meets on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Beckett in Canterbury. One of the most vivacious characters on the pilgrimage is The Wife of Bath. Both the Wife of Bath’s prologue and tale share a common theme of a woman’s control in a relationship with a man. The Wife of Bath and the old hag in her tale share a similar perspective on what women want most in life. In the prologue and tale the reader is exposedRead MoreChaucer s Canterbury Tales And The Wife Of Bath s Tale1167 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature always tries to improve a part of society in a moral basis. The reason it targets a part of society is because didactic literature has an audience of origin that the moral applies to. For example, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: â€Å"The Wife of Bath s Prologue† and â€Å"The Wife of Bath s Tale† , which is written by Geoffrey Chaucer, takes place during the late 5th and early 6th century during King Arthur’s reign of Great Britain. During this era, society was structured in a totally differentRead More Canterbury Tales Essay - Wife of Bath as an Attack on Married Life?1291 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales - Wife of Bath is Not an Attack on Women and Married Life Feminists have proposed that the Prologue of the Wife of Bath is merely an attack on women and married life. The Prologue is spoken by a woman with strong opinions on how married life should be conducted, but is written by a man. It is important to examine the purpose with which Chaucer wrote it. This is especially so as many of the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales condemn themselves out of their own mouths, such asRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthe relationship and provide for their wives, and the women are submissive and are supposed to do as they are told. However these elements are presented in Chaucer’s work he often takes a role reversal in his writings. Chaucer makes most of his female characters stronger and causes the roles to be reversed between man and women. The wife of bath tale is an excellent representation on how Chaucer demonstrates the role reversal between man and women. The role of man and women where clearly definedRead MoreSex in The Canterbury Tales Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesinstrument in The Canterbury Tales. Portraying sex as a power that women exert over men rather than the marital bond of â€Å"making love† makes evident Chaucer’s skewed views of love and marriage with underlying tones of misogyny. He expresses these views throughout the work, however, the theme of love and sex is most evident in the sub-stories of The Wife of Bath and The Miller’s Tale. Chaucer breaks the topic of sex into two basic parts: carnality and romanticism. Although carnal love is a controversialRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath s Prologue And Tale1338 Words   |  6 PagesChaucer penned one of the great stories on the plight of being a woman as retold in The Canterbury Tales. â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale† points out the fallacy of medieval churches view on women being the lesser gender. â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale† follows a woman, the Wife of Bath, who tries to defend the experiences she has had in her life against the judgements of men. The Wife revealed the prejudice against women at the time by saying, â€Å"it is an impossibility that any scholar willRead More Masculinity in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale Essay2175 Words   |  9 PagesMasculinity in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale      Ã‚   The Wife of Bath, with the energy of her vernacular and the voraciousness of her sexual appetite, is one of the most vividly developed characters of The Canterbury Tales. At 856 lines her prologue, or preambulacioun as the Summoner calls it, is the longest of any of the pilgrims, and matches the General Prologue but for a few lines. Evidently Chaucer is infatuated with Alisoun, as he plays satirically with both gender and classRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath1531 Words   |  7 PagesHeaven knows whenever he wanted it- my belle chose-, thought he had beaten me in every bone†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (272) Even though her final husband had beaten her, because he was good in bed with her she felt she loved him the best of them all (272). Clearly, The Wife of Bath valued three things in her marriages, sex, power, and money. In her tale we find that power is an important role to women in marriage. A knight, after raping a women is spared by a queen (282) but in order to save his life, he ha s one year (283)Read MoreThe Irony of Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesthe satire grew much larger. He was lying, but he got his point across, which is exactly what he was aiming for. Therefore, in my essay I will be talking about the satire Chaucer used in his tales of the characters, mainly the Pardoner, and the Wife of Baths. To start off, here is a general way Chaucer used satire in his work. Chaucer say’s one thing when he means the complete opposite. The reason why Chaucer made this story was because he had an agenda he wanted to make a point to his given audienceRead MoreWomen During The Medieval Era Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesUnfortunately, without the knowledge of how women found ways to exert their power, we are experiencing a deficit of knowledge in this period. Through the close examination of the primary sources: The Gospel of Mary, Dhouda’s Liber Manualis, and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the creative means of female force are displayed. In the Gospel of Mary, circa 120-180 AD, Mary Magdalene displays that women exercised agency by being a vessel of God and finding favor with the Lord. Beginning in the first paragraph

Romeo and Juliet Development of Juliets Character Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet : Development of Juliets Character Essay This essay is about Juliets character and I am going to talk about how her behaviour develops towards Romeo, her Nurse, and on her own respectively. In the prologue we are informed that, a pair of star crossed lovers take their life, . This is to make us feel sympathy towards Romeo and Juliet. We also have to remember Juliet is only 13 at the start of the play and little more than a child; but she has potential to mature during the course of the play. Act 1 Scene 5 is the first encounter between the lovers. In this scene I think Juliet is clever just doing enough to keep Romeo interested, Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, . She is obviously infatuated with Romeo and behaves coquettishly towards him, for saints have hands that pilgrims hand do touch, . Romeo and Juliet use religious imagery towards one another because in an Elizabethan times religion was their most important thing, This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this, . In this scene the religious imagery is used to woo each other and is formed into a sonnet emphasising their love. We will write a custom essay on Romeo and Juliet : Development of Juliets Character specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Act 2 Scene 2 is the famous balcony scene of the lovers. In this scene I feel Juliet appears immature although she is in a difficult situation. Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? . Juliet says this aloud, forgetting anyone could hear her. The way in which she does not tell her family even though in act 1 scene 5 Capulet says, Verona brags of him to be a virtuous and well-governed youth. Although I feel she does behave maturely on occasion, Whats Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot, nor arm, nor face, . Referring to that if Romeo was not a Montague the family wouldnt object. Juliet shows how forward she is in this scene as well by asking Romeo whether he loved her, and also proposing to him. This was a very odd thing for a woman to do in Elizabethan times. Going back to act 1 scene 3, this is the first time we see Juliet and also her first scene with the Nurse. In this scene Juliet shows maturity with her use of language as in act 1 scene 5. It is a honour that I dream not of, is Juliets reply to her mothers difficult question of marriage. This is resourceful because she says she is not ready, but at the same time using honour to compliment her mother, thus keeping her on Juliets side. As with the Nurse Juliet is very patient with her when the Nurse reminisces at length about her past, and since that time it is eleven years, . This scene also really shows how close Juliet is with the Nurse, Thou was the prettiest babe that ever I nursed, , which is a compliment Nurse gives to Juliet. Juliet is loving towards the Nurse and takes her advice seriously, that is why Lady Capulet calls her back, Nurse come back again, , to talk about marriage. At the end of this scene the Nurse says Paris is, Hes a man of wax, , which is a metaphor, and als o Lady Capulet says Paris is a flower to compliment him. Act 2 Scene 5 is Juliets main scene with the Nurse. In this scene Juliet is again immature like in act 2 scene 2, and also petulant. You can see this when she is waiting for Romeos reply about marriage. In half an hour she promised to return, , O she is lame, . It also shows impatience and irritability. When the Nurse does finally arrive she is very impatient in contrast with her being patient with the Nurse in act scene 3. Juliets is unthoughtful about the Nurses condition. The Nurse says, I am aweary, give me leave awhile, , but Juliet replies, Nay come, I pray thee speak, , showing no care for the Nurse to whom she is supposed to be close. When the Nurse eventually does tell Juliet the news, Juliet now says something complimentary to her, Honest Nurse, farewell, but because this is said after the good news is given, I feel this shows Juliet to be spoiled and she is only pleasent when she gets her own way. .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 , .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .postImageUrl , .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 , .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9:hover , .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9:visited , .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9:active { border:0!important; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9:active , .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9 .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e203b51d53c14c4d4f17a1b714843a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Act 1 Scene 1, Act 1 Scene 5, and Act 2 Scene 5 in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night EssayIn act 3 scene 2 Juliet shows her continuing obsession with Romeo, Come night, come Romeo, come day in night, and this reinforces Juliets immaturity in wanting something she cant have. In this scene overall though I feel Juliet behaves maturely. The Nurse is wailing and mourning Tybalts death, while also saying bad of Romeos name, Will you speak well of him that killed your cousin? . Juliet is the opposite staying quite calm and thinking logically saying, That villain cousin would have killed my husband, meaning one of them had to die so better it be Tybalt than Romeo. In this scene Juliet uses a hyperbole saying, that one word, banished, hath slain ten thousand Tybalts, . Conveying her intense emotion towards the situation. Act 3 scene 5 is Juliets last scene with the Nurse. In this scene their relationship mainly breaks down due to a difference of opinion. The Nurse thinks Juliet should marry Paris, I think it best if you marry with the county, . Juliet has given the Nurse a last chance to make peace with her but the Nurses response does not please Juliet. Juliet is mature here though because instead of telling the Nurse this she conceals her feelings so as to not hurt the Nurse. When the Nurse leaves she reveals her true feelings to the Nurses response, Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend! Is it more sin to wish me thus foresworn, , showing Juliets true feelings of the Nurses comment. Finally, I am going to write about Juliets character while she is alone, later on in the play. The first time is in act 4 scene 3. In this scene I feel she is unnecessarily courageous. Juliet has decided to take the potion but it can be seen that she is apprehensive in her soliloquy, I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins that almost freezes up the heat of life, . There are many possible complications with taking the potion that Juliet can think of, What if the mixture does not work at all, and, What if it be poison, [line 25 act 4 scene 3. I think she should have just gone to Romeo because the end result is the same without the unnecessary complications. Act 5 scene 3 is the final scene and like in the last scene Juliet is again bold in her decision. She has just awoken to the site of Romeos dead body and the Friar has left her. She now has a choice either to go away where the Friar sends her or to die with Romeo. She decides to kill herself, O happy dagger. This is thy sheath. There rust, and let me die, . I feel this was a necessary decision due to her other option, which would not lead to a promising future with no money or skills. Also in Elizabethan times once you are dead you go to heaven although suicide was against God. Even so Juliet loved Romeo enough to go against God. In conclusion I feel Juliet is immature at the start, but develops as the play goes on. Throughout she uses her brain to get out of tough situations, like in act 1 scene 3 when asked about marriage. Then towards the end she becomes more independent and shows maturity and inner strength. I believe this play is about the effect of hate in society. It shows how futile it is and the consequences of it on peoples lives like Romeo and Juliet. This play is a tragedy like others of Shakespeares, such as Macbeth and Richard the III. Like in this play, good conquers evil. The families in this play make friends at the end and both the evil Macbeth and Richard III dying in theirs.

Linkedin free essay sample

What is the LinkedIn website, what service(s) does it provide? (3 marks) It’s a serious business social networking website. It provide resume-posting by more than 100 million professionals and corporate types. 2. What was LinkedIn’s Net profit Margin in 2010? (1 mark) $243-million revenue, profit: $15. 4-million 3. Why are their concerns about the future potential growth in the number of LinkedIn user? 3) -The company acknowledges that the number of its registered members is higher than the number of actual members because â€Å"some members have multiple registrations, other members have died or become incapacitated, and others may have registered under fictitious names† -LinkedIn stated that â€Å"we do not have a reliable system to accurately identify the number of actual members† more of the users use Facebook more often than LinkedIn, if they don’t raise the frequency to increase the times to visit their site, then it might become a problem in terms of profits and stock price. We will write a custom essay sample on Linkedin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . What is the major driver of their expected -220 times profit-per-share price of $32-$35? (2) -from 2009 to 2010, revenue increased by 102 % and income increased by 487 %. -The audience that already spans much of corporate North America. 5. Who generate most of the site’s revenue? Why do they use the LinkedIn website? (3) -LinkedIn brings in most of its money from corporations that use LinkedIn as a recruiting or marketing tool. which companies can use the user profiles to identify both active and passive job candidate, are cheaper than traditional recruiting firms. 6. Approximately how much capital is LinkedIn trying to raise? What will it be used for? (3) -IPO valuation of $3-billion -â€Å"invest heavily† in product development -â€Å"aggressively expand† its field sales staff 7. Would you invest in LinkedIn shares? Why or why not? (3) -probably no, lthough It’s a unique concept compare to other s ocial net working website, however, all these facts stating that the company isn’t doing very well in the article. The risks in raising their number of users, major competition like Facebook and Google. Down side benefit for new investors, that will have minimal voice in the company’s governance, since they plan to maintain a dual-class voting structure, and forecasted a net loss for 2011 of unspecified size. All these facts show that maybe it’s not the right time to invest in the company yet.

What was Romes greatest strength as a civilizatio Essays - Culture

What was Rome's greatest strength as a civilization ? Rome had been the longest lasting as well as one of the most successful civilizations in recorded history being the first to create a fully stable government. Rome went through three different cycles of government starting in a monarchy, then going to a republic, and not too long after becoming a monarchy but were gradually diminished by the Germans before they managed to reach the tyrannical stage of government. All in all, Romans had made the greatest technological and militaristic advances compared to other civilizations of the time. Rome's government was the back bone of the civilization, allowing for citizens to have a say in how things were run allowed for the people to be happy but was chaotic at the same time, but this allowed people to get what they want ed creating a better overall environment. Since Rome had a strong government it allowed for them to create an effective army as well , which included the best military leader of the time. The government also allowed for education to strive resulting in the creation of general sc hools so children could learn basic reading and writing, which was meant for citizens who didn't have much money . While those who did have money would pay for private tutors for a higher education. The ability for Rome to have most of its inhabitance to have the ability to read and write was a big plus since it allowed for easy communication between the masses. Rome's government also played a huge part in the ability to create one of the most effective army's in the worlds history as well. The army consisted of extrem ely skilled military commanders. T he army was also loyal to Rome and not the commanders , allowing for them to fight f or their civilization, creating the mentality that they had something to protect and were not just hired hands. Having a great military allowed for the empire to continually expand as well as give the republic more power. Rome's empire had been the longest lasting civilization the world has ever seen lasting for many hundreds of years, everything that the Romans did added to their strength as a nation , meaning that not one thing could have existed without the creation of the others which all came together to form the republic. which is why even today we still look in the history books at how they ran their government, military, schools, ect to learn how we can better ourselves and improve our society since it is a proven fact that history repeats its self over and over again.

Letter From Birmingham Jail Analysis essays

Letter From Birmingham Jail Analysis essays Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote the Letter From Birmingham Jail in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time. The Letter From Birmingham Jail discusses the great injustices happening toward the Black community in Birmingham. In order to justify his desire for racial justice and equality, Martin Luther King, Jr. uses appeals to emotion, ethical appeals, and logical appeals. The thesis, which is located in the second and third paragraphs, states that although Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is not from Birmingham, he needs to be there because of the many injustices whites do toward Blacks. By helping the people of Birmingham he helps people from everywhere because injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere (Pg. 718). Dr. Kings thesis explains the reason for his involvement in the non-violent direct-action demonstrations. The thesis gives good reason for the Negroes desire to have equal rights. One way that King supports his thesis is by using appeals to emotion. In the Letter From Birmingham Jail King writes of all the terrible things that the whites have done to the Negroes. He also talks about how tough it is on children to learn the discriminations blacks go through: When you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people.... (Pg. 720) This use of appeal is very effective because it give the reader an issue which most can relate to. Parents with children can feel the pain...

Module 4 and Journal Article Review 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 4 and Journal Article Review 4 - Essay Example Globalization seems not to serve the aging population well, since their primary need is not to gain international connection but more of the long term care and pension privileges which have been depleted in response to sustain other sectors for globalization. Weaver (n.d.) states that, â€Å"As the elderly population (65 plus) has grown, more researchers are paying attention to the expanding social needs of the elderly.† This would impact the needs of other age groups with the danger of limited opportunities in store for them. For industrialized countries, an increasing elderly population is both a boon and a bane. To determine the elderly as an implication of success of a nation’s health care service is an ironic statement to hide a receding problem in the same kind of service. More elderly means more people needing the health care from the government, and is parallel to increase budgetary problems. Globalization has affected the elderly population in general because t he financing of these health care services is reduced in order to sustain other sectors such as employment and industrial growth. Employment in a globalized world has also affected the lives of the elderly, with the women as the most affected (Weaver, n.d.). Discrimination against old working women stemmed from the notion that women age faster than men with the women’s skills are synonymous to their age. In the globalization perspective, aging individuals are less likely to be immigrant workers because employers, together with proper credentials, see a prospected employee’s age as important. In this sense, it can be seen that globalization has fewer benefits in store for the elderly. A disproportionate population among the young and the old is a result of the changing social trends. Whatever the result of this social trend, regardless of the reasons, it is still a social obligation to pay respect for the elderly by sustaining their needs. After all, modern community, a s aspiring as it is, would not come into existence without the efforts of the previous generations who put their efforts at stake to build it. There is nothing wrong with international relations, provided that it opens opportunities for everyone and not just the selected few who have the potential to invest to government's capital. Journal 4 Globalization, Women’s Migration, and the Long Term Care Workforce Introduction A major point made by Brown and Braun (2008) asserts that â€Å"population aging and globalization are heralded with both enthusiasm and caution.† True, that a positive excitement is anticipated every time the benefits of globalization are heard, but on the other side, is the unheard disadvantages that globalization has particularly on the aging population and the women workforce. In the growing population in the U.S., a large chunk of their census speaks of the immigrants who primarily stayed in the country to work. The result of women migration to the totality of healthcare and the aging population is tremendous as they provide care. Summary Brown and Braun’s (2008) article entitled â€Å"Globalization, Women’s Migration, and the Long Term Care Workforce† tells about the impact of globalization to the women workforce and population aging. They have made a connection between two different situations by giving emphasis to the Domestic Long Term Care (DLTC)

Acoustic emission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Acoustic emission - Essay Example nown as AE sensors and the substance is normally left un-impacted since the energy emanates from the location of the occurrence and therefore there are no requirements for any energy from the outside environment (Jolly, 78). One of the most powerful means used in ascertaining the substance’s (those succumbed with stress) internal alterations and tendencies is the acoustic emission (AE) testing. The tool basically an efficient method of determining the changes caused from the breaking of fibers, cracks elongations, other instances of on-going destruction taking place in Substances that are stressed, and so on, by simply detecting and changing into electric impulses these waves of sound produced. In other words, this is simply to allude that substances which are under some stress usually scream or talk and the AE testing tool comes in handy in ‘listening’ to these sounds and noises (Scruby, 124). The pioneer AE testing was performed by the U.S Navy in 1961 in the industry of the Aerospace. The goal of this study (hydrostatic testing) was to determine the Polaris rocket’s efficiency and a decision was later struck to employ equipment for the analysis of the level of sound, a tape recorder and contact microphones upon the detection of sounds that were audible. Additionally, at the Testing Station for the National Reactor in the onset months of 1965, the AE was successfully put into use by surveyors who were striving to find ways of ascertaining the nuclear reactors’ coolant losses. From that time onwards, the acoustic emission has been used with much success in monitoring things such as the wear of tools, wears in engines, failures in civil structures, growth of fatigue, the integrity of structures and the escalation of tear in laminates of composite kinds (Scruby, 200). Changes in temperature, when welding is taking place, usually cause between the base material and the weld stresses where in certain instances there are observed small cracks. In 1969, Dr.

CMG 301 MOD SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CMG 301 MOD SLP - Essay Example The insured must insure at least 90% of the total value of the insured property and pay a premium accordingly in order to recover based on the full value of their loss. If the insured fails to do so they will self insure proportionally. For example, if only 50% of the property value is insured and a loss of $100,000 is suffered the claim will be based on insurance limit carried divided by insurance limit required times the loss, that is $1,000,000 divided by $1,800,000 times $100,000 equals $55,555.55. the insured may and indeed is required to take immediate steps to protect the affected property from further loss or damage before the arrival of the adjuster. Any reasonable costs incurred will be included in the insured’s claim. In the event of a claim under this policy which results from the negligence or deliberate action of a third party the insured agrees that upon payment of the claim, the insurer may pursue recovery against the responsible party in the insured’s name. The insured may join the insurer to pursue recovery of any uninsured loss. Any recoveries and costs involved will be shared in proportion to the parties’ financial interests. The insurer pledges to investigate all claims thoroughly and promptly after notification and to pay all valid claims within 30 days of receipt of the insured’s properly completed Proof of Loss. In the event the insurer denies the claim or disagrees with the insured’s quantum calculation, the insured will be advised in writing within 30 days of receipt of their Proof of Loss and provided with a full explanation of the insurers’ position 3They must co-operate fully and with complete honesty the insurer at all times the policy is in effect. When requested they must allow the insurer to inspect the premises and provide any information required by the insured material to it’s assessment of the risk. Included in the premium is

Effects of the Nuremberg Trials on Experiments and Ethics

Effects of the Nuremberg Trials on Experiments and Ethics Laws of clinical trials-the Nuremberg phenomenon Human research and war- German and the allied German: The Second World War (1939-45) is considered as the time when human research got a great attention along with all its flaws. The experiments conducted by the German government got all the attention, though the allied were also involved in such experiments. The experiments that were done can be divided into three categories Experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel.- In Dachau, physicians from the German air force and from the German Experimental Institution for Aviation conducted high-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum altitude from which crews of damaged aircraft could parachute to safety. Scientists there carried out so-called freezing experiments using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia. They also used prisoners to test various methods of making seawater potable. Experimentation aimed at developing and testing pharmaceuticals and treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field- At the German concentration camps of Sachsenhausen, Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, scientists tested immunization compounds and sera for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases, including malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and infectious hepatitis. The Ravensbrueck camp was the site of bone-grafting experiments and experiments to test the efficacy of newly developed sulfa (sulfanilamide) drugs. At Natzweiler and Sachsenhausen, prisoners were subjected to phosgene and mustard gas in order to test possible antidotes. Experimentation sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi worldview- The most infamous were the experiments of Josef Mengele at Auschwitz. Mengele conducted medical experiments on twins. He also directed serological experiments on Roma (Gypsies), as did Werner Fischer at Sachsenhausen, in order to determine how different races withstood various contagious diseases. The research of August Hirt at Strasbourg University also intended to establish Jewish racial inferiority. Others- Other gruesome experiments meant to further Nazi racial goals were a series of sterilization experiments, undertaken primarily at Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck. There, scientists tested a number of methods in their effort to develop an efficient and inexpensive procedure for the mass sterilization of Jews, Roma, and other groups Nazi leaders considered to be racially or genetically undesirable. Apart from the German experiments the other axis nation Japan had formed the unit 731, which had supposedly carried out human experimentations including germ warfare, weapon testing and vivisection. However the Japanese work was never tested on an accredited legal trial. Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony, 2003, p. 109 claims that this was mainly because MacArthur secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731, including their leader, in exchange for providing America, but not the other wartime allies, with their research on biological warfare.[1] Under leadership of Lev Smirnov, one of the top Soviet prosecutors at the Nuremberg Trials, The Japanese doctors and army commanders who had perpetrated the Unit 731 experiments received sentences from the Khabarovsk court ranging from two to 25 years in a Siberian labour camp. The Americans refused to acknowledge the trials, branding them communist propaganda. The allied experiments[2] The office of scientific research and Development (OSRD) was formed in the summer of 1941, by the executive order of the president of USA, to look over two committees –one related to weapons research and other the Committee on Medical Research (CMR)—to combat the health problems that threatened the combat efficiency of American soldiers. During the years the OSRD funded 600 research proposals valued at $25 million with 135 institutes.[3] The CMR not only provided the organisational basis but also the intellectual justification of post-world war NIH (national Institute of Health, USA). The CMR’s major concerns were dysentery, influenza, malaria, wounds, venereal diseases, and physical hardships (including sleep deprivation and exposure to frigid temperatures). The dysentery trials of CMR residents of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphanage in Xenia, Ohio; the Dixon, Illinois, institution for the retarded; and the New Jersey State Colony for the Feeble- Minded. The residents were injected with experimental vaccines or potentially therapeutic agents, some of which produced a degree of protection against the bacteria but, as evidenced by fever and soreness, were too toxic for common use. In the malaria trial researchers chose to infect residents of state mental hospitals and prisons. A sixty bed clinical unit was established at the Manteno, Illinois, State Hospital; the subjects were psychotic, backward patients who were purposefully infected with malaria through blood transfusions and then given antimalarial therapies. Similarly, residents of state facilities for the retarded (Pennhurst, Pennsylvania) and the mentally ill (Michigan’s Ypsilanti State Hospital) were used for the anti- influenza trials. Thus the wartime experiments both in the Nazi Germany and the Allied countries were promoting teleological as opposed to deontological ethics; â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number† was the most compelling precept to justify sending some men to be killed so that others might live. Post war changes – the Nuremberg Trial- The epic shift in universal regulations of human experimentations as it is hailed by some came after the Second World War. The basis was the German Exploitation of the Jews in various camps and the subsequent war crimes trial that are combined to be known as Nuremberg trial. The trial comprised of one International Military Tribunal (IMT) and twelve trials of other accused war criminals before the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT)[4]. The NMT case 1- U.S.A. vs. Karl Brandt, et al, or the doctors’ trial as it is popularly known in public domain formed the basis of this regulation. Four counts of charges were brought against 23 doctors and researchers.[5] The counts included common design or conspiracy war crimes crimes against humanity Membership in a criminal organisation. The specific crimes charged included more than twelve series of medical experiments concerning the effects of and treatments for high altitude conditions, freezing, malaria, poison gas, sulfanilamide, bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration, bone transplantation, saltwater consumption, epidemic jaundice, sterilization, typhus, poisons, and incendiary bombs. These experiments were conducted on concentration camp inmates. Other crimes involved the killing of Jews for anatomical research, the killing of tubercular Poles, and the euthanasia of sick and disabled civilians in Germany and occupied territories. The defendants were charged with ordering, supervising, or coordinating criminal activities, as well as participating in them directly. The trial began on Dec 9, 1946 and ended on Aug 20, 1947. The trial saw 85 witnesses and 1500 documents. Out of 23 defendants, 7 were acquitted of all charges, 16 were found to be guilty and 7 of them were executed. The argument for the defendants that were placed before the tribunal were- The defendants had obeyed the laws of the Nazi regime. In fact, their experiments were the result of legally valid orders given by government authorities They were not guilty of any crime, and certainly not of a crime against humanity, because they were licensed physicians, engaged in research. And the research pattrn was not different from that in other places of the world. They had not violated any law or stature by which they were governed in place during the time of the crime. The NMT was not keen on trying the 1931 German guidelines, which was actually in force at the times of committing the crime, even after representation by defendants.[6] A document was hastily put in place on the advice of medical experts Harold Sebring, Leo Alexander, and Andrew Ivy, which later became famous as Nuremberg Code. It comprised of ten sets of guidelines as follows[7] 1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity. 2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. 3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment. 4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. 5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects. 6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. 7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death. 8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment. 9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible. 10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probably cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subjects. However the Nuremberg Code was not a law into itself. It was merely a loose collection of ideas drafted hastily to provide a trial. Apart from article 4, 5, 9 10, the Nuremberg code literally draws from the 1931 German Directive, though there are no acknowledgements of such and thus makes itself guilty of Plagiarism. [8] While article 4 9 are non-controversial, the article 5 10 are poorly worded and actually provided loopholes by virtue of being poorly structured. Article 5 seems to suggest that studies that are endangering the life of subjects are permissible, if the investigator also is a subject. This runs against natural justice, just because the investigator is ready to risk his own life, he has no right to endanger another person’s life. By this token, a drunken pilot should be allowed to fly, since his own life is at jeopardy along with that of his passengers. Similarly in article 10, investigator is not required to terminate the trial, but should be merely prepared to do so, if he/she thinks there is risk of death or serious injury to the subject. The difference between being required to stop and ready to stop has been lost on the authors of the document.[9] [1] Takashi Tsuchiya, â€Å"The Imperial Japanese Experiments in China,† in The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics (Oxford University Press, 2008), 35–42. [2] Enclyclopedia of Bioethics. [3] Ibid. [4] â€Å"Nuremberg Trials Project Introduction,† accessed April 12, 2014, http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/docs_swi.php?DI=1text=overview. [5] â€Å"Nuremberg Trials Project Medical Case Overview,† accessed April 12, 2014, http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/docs_swi.php?DI=1text=medical. [6] Sass HM, â€Å"Ambiguities In Judging Cruel Human Experimentation: Arbitrary American Responses to German and Japanese Experiments† 13, no. 3 (May 2003): 102–4. [7] â€Å"The Nuremberg Code (1947).† [8] RavindraB Ghooi, â€Å"The Nuremberg Code-A Critique,† Perspectives in Clinical Research 2, no. 2 (2011): 72, doi:10.4103/2229-3485.80371. [9] Ibid.

Dresden and the Destruction of Vonneguts Dream :: Slaughterhouse-Five Essays

Dresden and the Destruction of Vonnegut's Dream The little dream Vonnegut took with him to war was not founded on the rubble of insanity, absurdity, and irrationality that he experienced in WWII. His dream was founded on order, stability, and justice. It was founded on what Dresden symbolized. And when Dresden evaporated so too did Vonnegut's dream. (Klinkowitz 223) Vonnegut's views on death, war, technology and human nature were all affected by his experience in Dresden and these themes become evident in his novels. The common thread between all of Vonnegut's themes is war.The bombing of Dresden had a profound impact on the life and writing of Kurt Vonnegut. "Rarely has a single incident so dominated the work of a writer" (Goldsmith IX). World War II shaped many of Kurt Vonnegut's philosophies that appear in his novels, especially Slaughterhouse Five. "With Slaughterhouse Five, Vonnegut was able to deal directly with his war time nightmare" (Klinkowitz 225). In Slaughterhouse Five we witness a moment of balance in Vonnegut's life when he finds himself capable of dealing with the intense pain of his Dresden experience and ready to go on with the business of living. "If the war becomes a general metaphor for Vonnegut's vision of human condition, Dresden becomes the symbol, the quintessence" (Reed 186). What made the Dresden bombing even more horrible to Vonnegut was that as a prisoner, he was ironically protected from the bombs and fire. Planes from his country did the bombing, and he was perpetrator, observer and target all at the same time (Goldsmith ix). Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana. He later served in the US Army Infantry. He was captured after the Battle of the Bulge and sent to Dresden to work in a factory. After being awarded the Purple Heart in 1967, he received the Guggenheim Fellowship to research Slaughterhouse Five.

Leisure Time Essay

In the mid-1800s Americans started to receive a lot of extra time in their hand and had more time to do fun activities. Businesses declining working hours was a major reason for the rise of leisure time but what also had a huge impact was installation of the electric lighting in the city’s streets which made Americans have more time to perform activities at later hours (Lund). So what did Americans decide to do with this time? The recommendation of physical exercise as a way to relive of all the stress raised the importance of physical actives and to also attend spectator sports became part of the leisure activities in the United States. Vaudeville, dance halls, and motion pictures became popular, while new modes of travel allowed Americans to go visit the mountains, seaside resorts and county fairs (Lund). To begin with after the Civil War, the popularity of sports as leisure activities grew as people began to see the importance of exercise to health. While initially only the wealthy could take part in most sporting events because the middle and lower classes couldn’t afford most of the activities .The opening of public available gymnasiums, courts, and fields allowed the middle class to participate in those activities as well (Lund). Athletic clubs such as the New York Athletic Club were organized and the YMCAs began to institute sports programs. These programs mostly focused on track and field events, introduced by communities of European descent, and gymnastics, heavily influenced by German athletics. Gymnasiums, which included exercises using Indian clubs, wooden rings, and dumbbells, were opened in many Eastern cities which helped expand exercise. Also With the extra time Americans gained American sought out to find new ways to keep themselves occupied and entertained. Americans began to seek out new ways to distract themselves so they started to experiment in making new activities to do. As a result of Americans seeking for a new past time they invented Americas greatest past time today, baseball. Different types of Baseball have been played throughout time and before the 1800s but the rise of the sport didn’t come until after the civil war (Bluett). While at war the soldiers had a lot of extra time in their hands the soldiers from New York introduced the game to their comrades from their camps and soon the game also spread to other camps over the north and south. It was said that because of this baseball expanded from the north to the south baseball was recognized more after the civil war ended. After all the soldiers from the camps were taught how to play, they went back home and introduced their sport to their families and friends which helped expand they name of the game (Bluett). In 1870 the first professional team were founded but didn’t last for more than five years. In 1876 the first major professional league that was formed was the National league of baseball clubs which still exist today. Another sport that was created by Americans in the 19th century which they invented to perform as a leisure activity was Basketball. The game was created from the mind of James Naismith in 1891, while he was an instructor at the School for Christian Workers, later called the International YMCA Training School, in Springfield, Massachusetts (McComb). The YMCA was an international organization that focused on the idea that physical as well as religious training was important for humans. Naismith had graduated from McGill University, and after leaving a Presbyterian seminary jo ined the YMCA school in Massachusetts. When he arrived the director of the YMCA name Luther asked Naismith if he could design an interesting indoor sport for physical activity in a gymnasiums Americans can exercise while having fun in the winter when it was cold and couldn’t be outside (McComb). He thought that people were bored of just working out with weights and running around without a purpose. James considered the thought of throwing a ball into a box, like the warm-up exercise he had used when he played rugby but only this time the box was ten feet up and had to dribble the ball (McComb). The game was a success Americans all over the country were playing it and it even expanded internationally. In the 1880s women didn’t really perform any  sports but after they were introduced with basketball they were so fascinated that it became one of women’s favorite sport in the 1880s. Furthermore although men performed the majority of sports activities around the 19th century. Opportunities for women beg an to appear as the century ended. Some of the most popular sports for women in the 19 century were basketball and lawn tennis. Also by the end of the century schools began to offer even more sports activities for females, such as gymnastics and basketball. One of the most popular sports for women was basketball. Girls’ and women’s basketball flourished in the early years of the game. Two days after the invention of basketball, some female teachers who had heard the shouts of players coming from the gym, asked Naismith to instruct them (Woolum). Naismith did so and the women became very fund of the sport. In 1892 after the women new the game better the YMCA hosted the first tournament for women (Woolum). The game for women spread and they even got to play in college, in 1896 the first intercollegiate game was played in Berkeley between the University of California and Stanford. No male spectators were allowed at the Berkeley match because it was considered improper for male viewers to attend (Woolum). Also the other sport the women were very fund of was lawn tennis. Mary Ewing Outerbridge has be en credited with introducing lawn tennis to the United States in 1874. When she went to Bermuda she watched as British Army officers were hitting a rubber ball with spoon-shaped paddles strung with catgut across an outstretched net. Fascinated by the game, Outerbridge brought a box of the tennis equipment with her and returned to New York (Woolum). When she got home she introduced the game to her friends and family. The game rapidly got popular and became very popular not just with women but with men as well and rapidly spread throughout the Northeast as a favorite national pastime (Woolum). In addition Americans didn’t just past their times with sports they also enjoyed other activities like attending vaudeville shows. Within cities, people attended vaudeville shows which would include many acts. The vaudeville shows were usually watched by the middle class, the shows often ran for many hours so the people could come and go whenever they wanted (Ushistory). In the Vaudeville shows the viewers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy (Lund). Vaudeville shows weren’t just for entertaining they also talked  about economic and ethnic situations. Other popular shows of the time included circuses and Wild West shows, one of the most famous plays was Buffalo Bill Cody’s by William F. Motion pictures also served as entert ainment during leisure time for urban audiences. Initially the movies were originalities in kinescope viewers, until they became acts in their own right on the vaudeville stage. As motion pictures became longer, they moved into storefront Nickelodeon theaters and then into even larger theaters (Lund). Finally another activity Americans did as for their leisure time was to go on vacations. Some people wished to go further afield on their vacations and leave the city now that they invented a new way to travel faster which was by trains (Ushistory). Many with limited budgets went to the countryside or the beaches which mostly included the lower and middle class. Towards the late nineteenth century resorts opened in the outskirts of cities, such as the beach area of Asbury Park in New Jersey which was founded in 1870 (Lund). Amusement parks opened in places like Coney Island in New York was founded in 1897.the Park offering rides, fun houses, and scenes from foreign life, and the latest technological breakthroughs, such as motion pictu res. National parks were created by the federal government to preserve nature and many began to tour these areas on vacation (Lund). One such example was Yellowstone Park where people camped or stayed at the hotels, the park was built there in the late 1880s. World’s fairs and expositions held in different U.S. cities offered Americans a chance to tour the world in one place. The fairs celebrated progress and featured exhibits of science and technology, foreign villages, shows, rides and vendors. The first major one was the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876 (Lund). All in all Americans in the 19th century performed a large variety of activities for their leisure time. Men performed many different physical activities especially when clubs like the YMCA was introduced which helped more Americans become more active, also American performed sports like baseball and basketball in their leisure time. In the late 19th century even women were starting to take place in the sports a nd other activates. Another major activity Americans did for leisure time was to go to vaudeville shows which had all sorts of acts from Shakespeare plays to comedy acts. Finally after traveling was easier Americans started to go on vacations outside the city and go to resorts and world fairs for their leisure time. Bibliography 1. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awlhtml/awlleis.html a. Leisure after the civil war b. Lund, Karen C. â€Å"America at Work / America at Leisure, 1894-1915.† America at Work / America at Leisure, 1894-1915. Memory.loc.gov, 01 June 2000. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. 2. http://www.pacivilwartrails.com/stories/tales/baseball-and-the-civil-war a. Baseball and the civil war b. Bluett, Terry. â€Å"Baseball and the Civil War.† Welcome to the Pennsylvania Civil War Trails. Civil War Trails, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. 3. http://www.elibrary.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=FA9DBE62F456E22634A15DC6F7B76C44_1385528175587&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B171337845 a. The Great Spectator Sports of North America b. McComb, David G. â€Å"ELibrary: Login.† ELibrary: Login. Proquest, 01 Dec. 1998. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. 4. http://www.ushistory.org/us/39b.asp a. Leisure time b. Ushistory.org. â€Å"39b. Sports and Leisure.† Sports and Leisure [ushistory.org]. U.S. History Online Textbook, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. 5. http://www.elibrary.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=3&edition=&ts=FA9DBE62F456E22634A15DC6F7B76C44_1385528175587&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B28013995 a. Women in America sports b. Woolum, Janet. â€Å"ELibrary: Login.† ELibrary: Login. Elibrary, 05 Aug. 1992.

Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption Essays

Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption Essays Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption Essay Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption Essay TECHNICAL REPORT OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES) WITH ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL(AMAC)ABUJA PESENTED BY ADEYEMI ISAAC SHOLA UJ/2008/EV/0222 SUBMMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OFGEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,UNIVERSITY OF JOS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. Sc Hons)DEGREE PROGRAMME IN GEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING. NOVEMBER, 2012. DEDICATION This report is dedicated to God Almighty my creator. To my parents, Mr. Mrs. ADEYEMI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to God almighty for his guidance and grace given to me throughout my six month industrial training. I remain grateful to my parents for their effort and support towards my education. My gratitude also goes to my departmental supervisors Mrs. L. S Rikko and Mrs. Simi, for setting out time to come and see us in our place of primary assignment. I want to thank my industrial based supervisor Mr. Ali Adamu and the entire staff of the zonal planning office for their assistance. Much gratitude goes to my head of department and to all the staff of the department of geography and planning, university of Jos. Finally, I want to say thank you to all my friends who have been of great encouragement to me throughout this period, I remain grateful. ABSTRACT The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program which has been organized by the federal government through the industrial training und (ITF) for Nigeria institutions in order to enlighten the students on the usage of equipment and professional practice in their different fields of study. In fulfillment of my study as a geography and planning students, I carried out my six month industrial training in the survey and planning unit office Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), located at area 10 Garki, Abuja. This report comprises of the organization chart of Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), urban and regi onal planning department and also Abuja Municipal Area Council(AMAC). his report also contains the functions of the zonal planning office, functions of the urban and regional planning department and also the activities I participated in and experiences I gained. Some of the problems encountered during the exercise and possible solutions, were not left out. In conclusion I recommended ways of improving the program and also support of the program by the federal government. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Industrial Training Fund 1. Brief History of SIWES 1. 3 Objectives of SIWES 1. 4 Relevance of SIWES to Urban and Regional Planning CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is a program which involves the students, the universities and the industry. The siwes forms a part of the approved minimum academic standards in various degree program in Nigerian universities. The scheme is funde d by the Federal Government of Nigeria and is coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund and the National Universities Commission (NUC 1996). The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, bridges the gap between theory and practice and also it is aimed at exposing students to machines and equipments, professional work methods and ways of safe guarding work areas and organizations. This report contains the work undertaken, new knowledge learnt and problems encountered by the student during the six months industrial training in zonal planning office Abuja municipal area council located at area 10 Garki, Abuja. Solution to the problem are also included. 1. 1 INDUSTRIAL TRAINNING FUND(ITF) The industrial training fund was established in 1971 as a man power development agency for the federal government of Nigeria. The provision of decree 47 of 8th October 1971,empower industrial training fund (ITF) to promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry and co mmerce with a view to generate pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the Nigeria economy. A clause was invented by the ITF in 1978 in the policy statement no. 1 dealing with issues of practical skills among locally trained professionals. Selection 15 of the policy, states that internal emphasis will be place on certain product of post-secondary to adopt or orientate easily on their possible post-graduation for environment. 1. 2 BRIEF HISTORY OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES) The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) came into being with the establishment of industrial training fund (ITF) by the federal government of Nigeria in 1973 under the degree of 47 of 1971 in other to boost indigenous capacity of the nation’s industrial need. This was brought about by the federal ministry of commerce and industries, finance, education in collaboration with NUC and board of technical education (NUBTE) who thought that the main aim of training and exposing students to industrial fields is to give them practical knowledge of what they have been thought in their respective courses. The first started on the 8th of October 1974 with few number of students from different institutions which later increased to a large number of students in tertiary institutions nationwide. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES To provide an avenue for students in Nigeria Universities to acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study. 2 To prepare students on anticipated working situations after graduation. 3 To expose students to working methods and techniques in handling equipments and machinery that are not available in their various institution. 4 It enhances students contacts for later job placement. 1. 4 RELEVANCE OF SIWES TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING Planning is not complete until the job carried out on paper is transferred to the ground. his program gives students the opportunity of seeing work design on paper presented and transferred on ground. it also help in promoting social interaction and appreciating planning in practice and administration and relating with other allied professionals in planning. 1. 5 HISTORY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Federal capital development authority (FCDA) is parastatals under the federal capital territory administration (FCTA) charged with the responsibility of building and developing the federal capital territory. Federal capital development authority (FCDA) was established in April 1976 by degree No 6 of 1976. Federal capital development authority comprises of 10 departments namely: Abuja metropolitan management council (AMMC), Engineering, survey and mapping, resettlement and compensation, finance and administration, mass housing, satellite town infrastructure, urban and regional planning, public building and procurement department. (chart of FCDA). 1. 6 HISTORY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL The evolution of Abuja Municipal area council could be trace to its creation as development area on the 1st of October 1984. in 1987, on the recommendation of the Ahmadu Bello University consultancy group it assumed the full status of local Government (area council). The area council secretariat has different departments such as health, works department, legal department, revenue, Abuja environmental protection board. Location/population Abuja municipal area council is located on the eastern wing of the federal capital territory. t is bounded on the east by Nasarawa state,on the west by kuje area council , North- west by Gwagwalada and on the North by Bwari area council. The last demographic report by the national population commission indicated that the population of the area council stood at 309,306. However it is important to note that the population figure may double this number as the area council is daily experiencing influx of people. The people Abuja municipal area council ha s the following ethnic groups: gbagyi, gwandara,koro, gade. he main gbagyi settlements in amac include the following:karu, nyanya, durumi,garki, keffi,kabasa, mabushi, jabi, lugbe, idu, toge, hulumi, pyakasa, jikwoyi, kuduru, orozo, maitama and asokoro areas. the gwandara people can be found in places like karshi, jiwa, awagwa, karmo and idu. The area council besides the city caters for the needs of over 49 communities each presided by village heads. Besides that, the area council has twelve political wards namely:City centre, Wuse,Gwarinpa, Garki, Kabusa, Gui, Gwagwa karshi, Orozo, Karu and Nyanya. (org chart of AMAC). CHAPTER TWO This chapter consist of basically the administrative work, assingment, fieldwork and lectures recived during the cause of my industrial training at Abuja Municipal Area Council. 2. 0 ADMINSTRATIVE WORK/ASSINGMENTS RECORDING OF INCOMING AND OUTGOING FILES: This is as a result of a complaint been brought to the planning office, in most cases it is a problem of encroachment. This complaint is been filed and taken to the planning and survey unit. My supervisor gives me this file to record into a booklet the file number, the date it was filed, the nature of the complaint. An outgoing file is a file I record which have already been treated. CONFIRMATION OF PLOT NUMBERS ON LAYOUTS: This is an exercise given to me by my supervisor. This entails the checking out of the plot numbers on a specific layout to confirm whether the plot exist in the layout and also to verify the total number of plots on a some layout which includes Apo extension II, Jikoyi village Intergration layout. ASSINGMENTS Some assingments were given to me by my supervisor which I carried out. This assingments includes; defination and type of scales and difference between geography and planning and urban and regional planning. DEFINATION OF SCALE: A scale can be defined as the ratio between the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the earth surface. TYPES OF SCALES Representative Fraction: This type of scale is a fraction that expresses the mathematical relationship between map and the land such as 1:50,000 which is 1 map unit is equal to 50,000 units. Statement Scale: This is represented in form of a statement that a given distance on the earth equals a given measure on the chart or vice versa. Example 2cm represents 1km. Linear Scale: this shows directly on the map and the corresponding grounddistance.

GUERIN Surname Meaning and Family History

GUERIN Surname Meaning and Family History The Guerin surname derives from the Old French guarin or guerin, meaning to watch or guard. Gwaren is the Welsh variation of the surname, Guarin the Spanish, and Warren is a common Anglicized version. Surname Origin: French, Irish, Welsh (Gwaren) Alternate Surname Spellings:  GEURIN, GEREN, GARIN, GUERRIN, GUERREN, GUERINNE, GUERREIN, GERIN, GWAREN, GUARIN Famous People with the Guerin  Surname Veronica Guerin: Irish crime reporterWilliam Robert Bill Guerin:  American former professional ice hockey player; assistant general manager of the NHL Pittsburgh PenguinsJean-Baptiste Paulin Guà ©rin: French painterJean-Marie Camille Guà ©rin: French immunologistGilles Guà ©rin: French sculptor Where the Guerin  Surname is Most Common Not unsurprisingly, the Guerin surname is most commonly found in France, according to surname distribution data from Forebears; it ranks as the 59th most common last name in the country. It is also somewhat common in Ireland (ranked 714th) and Canada (933rd). WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates the Guerin surname is especially frequent in northwestern France, specifically Bregagne (Brittany),  Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes, and  Centre-Val de Loire. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Guerin Meanings of Common French Surnames: Uncover the meaning of your French last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common French surnames.Guerin  Family Crest: Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Guerin  family crest or coat of arms for the Guerin surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.Some Historical Notes on the Origin of the Guerin Surname in Co. Clare: An essay by Pat Guerin on the origins of the Guerins of Co. Clare.Guerin Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Guerin  ancestors around the world.FamilySearch: Guerin Genealogy: Explore over 400,000 results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Guerin  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Chr ist of Latter-day Saints. Guerin Surname Mailing List: Free mailing list for researchers of the Guerin  surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages.DistantCousin.com: Guerin Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Guerin.GeneaNet: Guerin  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Guerin  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Guerin  Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Guerin  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997

The Ed Sullivan Show Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

The Ed Sullivan Show - Assignment Example : Skim – After you have previewed a text to get a general idea of the subject, it is a good idea to read through the text quickly to get a general idea of what it is about and how it is organized. This article is organized into six sections, and all but the first have titles that give you some idea of their content. Step 3: Read! – To read critically and really understand a text, you will need to read it more than one time. The first time through, you should underline or highlight anything that seems important or stands out. It is also helpful to annotate (write notes in the margin). The second time you read, focus on one section at a time. At the end of each section, think about what you have read and write down the main ideas. Summarizing can help you understand the content and organization of the text. Evaluation - Although what is considered good writing varies, there are some qualities that most well written texts share. Rate Inglis’s article on each of the following, using a scale of one to five (five being the highest, one being the lowest). Please note that you do not need to answer the questions – just place a number from one to five after each quality. Using the Text - When you evaluate a text, one thing to keep in mind is what you can take from it to support your own argument. Find one quotation from this article that could be easily incorporated into the paper you will write about censorship. Write it below (include the page number). â€Å"Although (stereo) typically associated with the actions of the state— prior restraint by the government—it is important to recognize that censorship takes many forms and springs from many sources.† Page

Marketing Plan 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Plan 2 - Essay Example The product that Delicious Food Restaurant will be bringing to the Chinese market would be unique and specific to the Chinese market. The product would include a variety of supplies in the main category of the fast foods. Some of the introductory products could include Chinese Fish Flavor and the Chinese Chicken Flavor. The flavors that the company would adopt include delicious indigenous flavors. The term indigenous would fit perfectly in the trademark description since the products would involve the most important food products to the Chinese culture, which include chicken and fish. The color of the products would vary with the product type. However, most of the flavors would have a golden brown color. In the same way, the shape would vary. For instance, the foods with fish flavors would be prepared with a fish shape so that it would be easier to identify them. Additionally, chicken flavors may be prepared having a shape of a chicken’s wing. Packaging would only be done on a customer’s request. The packaging would include degradable material such as paper packages that have specific identification to the company as the main labeling along with some information concerning other available products. Chinese population has been in a constant rise where the country has above 1 billion people. This population is very promising for the company since the large the population the higher the probability of acquiring a large market once operations commence. Consumer preference shift from the traditional foods is causing an expansion in the fast food market each day. In fact, China is one of the biggest fast food markets globally implying that it presents endless opportunities for the companies venturing into the market. The Chinese fast food market increased in revenues by approximately 13% annually reaching an approximated $94 billion by

Standard of Living Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Standard of Living - Essay Example Similarly, GDP only considers the goods the sold in the markets. However, it disregards other methods of production such as meal preparation, childcare, family laundry, house cleaning and home maintenance and repair. Economists argue that, if this was included in the total GDP, then it would present a true reflection of the economy. Another demerit of national income accounts is how GDP overlooks off-books production. This involves the underground economy that entails a market activity that is unofficial because of its illegality or because there is evasion of taxes. On that note, economists point that despite the limited records of the underground economy, it has a considerable contribution to the economy. For example, it is approximated that about 10% of the U.S GDP comes from the underground economy. Therefore, when this is added to the total GDP, it amounts to $1.5 trillion in 2011.finally, GDP does represent all costs. For instance, automobile pollution and oil spills are not included in the GDP transactions (McEachern,

Case Study One Solved Ethics Essay Example for Free

Case Study One Solved Ethics Essay Integrity Your son, Mark, has been working â€Å"night and day† on a major contract for his company over the past six months. To substantiate his company’s viability, Mark had to divulge certain private corporate information to Jim—the prospective customer. He gave out the private information during the closing phase of the contract—only after it had been clearly implied the contract would be his. Unfortunately, the contract did not materialize. Jim found a better deal. Mark is really upset by Jim’s lack of business ethics. He is also a little worried about keeping his job. He now believes that many of the statements made throughout the contract discussions and negotiations were false and deliberately misleading. Question OK dad/mom, your son Mark needs some advice. Write him a one-page letter. How should he have handled this situation and what should he do now? Bring your answer to week 2. Dear son I feel very good that you are seeking help of your parents .Being a mother I feel that you should try to keep your professional life a better one and not to reveal any information about the company and the policies to any of the customers as the information and the things of business are very sensitive and may cause a great harm if the person you are sharing with is not loyal. According to me you should have read the policies and the contract before signing any of the document and you should try to avoid such a mistake again in life. With regard to this I must say you should try to consult a lawyer or any law  suit if you find any problem with the Jim. And if you feel that Jim is not doing well and is not standing on the contract made then you should try to avoid revealing secretive information to any of the person and should read the policies and make a suitable contract with only trust worthy person and if you feel like you are cheated or any kind of loss has happened then you must sue or file a case against that person. But the ethics and the last things that comes to my mind is the ethic of honesty and a reliability. You should try to avoid such mistakes in future so that your hard work will become fruitful and you will become a successful business personality.

food :: essays research papers

Anemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of healthy red blood cells or hemo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anorexia nervosa is primarily an illness that manifests itself in the mind. A person afflicted with this disease refuses food because of a debilitating fear that he or she will gain weight. The word anorexia means absence of hunger; orexia: the Greek word for appetite and the prefix an- meaning without. This self-starvation does more damage than the anorexic may realize. Without sustenance, the body is unable to work properly and keep a homeostasis so it tries to adapt to the â€Å"diet† by slowing down to reserve calories or energy. This slowing down of the metabolism, heart rate, and blood pressure is not the only consequence; the chemicals derived from food which are no longer available cause most if not all organ systems not to work sufficiently. The cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and digestive system are all hindered and possibly damaged by lack of a healthy diet. Luckily, with further research of the human genome, two new hormones were found that may help treat those who suffer from anorexia. Medication alone is not beneficial in recovering from anorexia, psychotherapy as well as a new structured diet are all key components in becoming a healthy functioning person once again. globin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anorexia nervosa is primarily an illness that manifests itself in the mind. A person afflicted with this disease refuses food because of a debilitating fear that he or she will gain weight. The word anorexia means absence of hunger; orexia: the Greek word for appetite and the prefix an- meaning without. This self-starvation does more damage than the anorexic may realize. Without sustenance, the body is unable to work properly and keep a homeostasis so it tries to adapt to the â€Å"diet† by slowing down to reserve calories or energy. This slowing down of the metabolism, heart rate, and blood pressure is not the only consequence; the chemicals derived from food which are no longer available cause most if not all organ systems not to work sufficiently.

How the Recession Effects Used Car Prices Essay

There are several factors which are affecting the price of new and used vehicles since the current recession began. Because people have been forced to hang on to their cars longer it has driven up the price of used cars because the pool of used cars has gotten smaller. New car sales have were down as well further pushing up the price of used vehicles since fewer people bought new cars during the recession. Fewer new car purchases equals less used cars. The production of new cars has also been cut meaning that there are less new cars in circulation which in turn means fewer used cars from sources like car rental places. The higher price of used cars has pushed some people to look for deals on new cars but dealer incentives have been reduced making the purchase of a new car less enticing then it would have been in the past. Because there are less new cars being produced, the price of new cars has also gone up. The high cost of gasoline has also affected the demand of new and used cars. As gas prices go up the demand for new cars goes down as people do not wish to spend as much money on their cars. So rather than make a high monthly car payment on a new vehicle they choose a lower payment on a used car or may chose to purchase the car outright. References: Why used-car prices are going to stay high for years: http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/05/why-used-car-prices-will-stay-high-for-years/1#.UGdhRJjA-kY Used-Car Prices Climb http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204136404577205383041923996.html As Gas Prices Go, So Go Prices for Used Cars http://moneyland.time.com/2012/05/31/as-gas-prices-go-so-go-prices-for-used-cars/

Europe and the New World: New Encounters

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800 On the Brink of a New World ? By the 16th century, the Atlantic seaboard had become the center of a commercial activity that raised Portugal and Spain and later the Dutch Republic, England, and France to prominence ? the age of expansion was a crucial factor in the European transition from the agrarian economy of the MA to a commercial and industrial capitalistic system. The Motives ? Contact w/non-Europeans remained limited until the end of the 15th century Fantastic Lands ? Europeans had always been curious about lands outside of Europe Economic Motives Although Muslim control of Central Asia cut Europe off from the countries farther east, the Mongol conquests in the 13thc reopened the doors ? Marco Polo went to the court of Kublai Kahn in 1271 ? His account of his experiences, the Travels was the most informative of all descriptions of Asia by ME travelers ? In the 14th, the conquests of the Ottoman Turks and then the breakup of the Mongol Empire reduced Western traffic to the East ? A number of people became interested in reaching Asia by sea ? Merchants, adventurers, and government officials had high hopes of finding precious metals and new areas of trade Religious zeal A crusading mentality was strong in Portugal and Spain The Mean ? The expansion of Europe was connected to the growth of centralized monarchies during the Ren. ? Ren. Expansion was a state enterprise ? By the 2nd ? of the 15th century, European monarchies had increased both their authority and their resources and were in a position to look beyond their borders Maps ? Europeans had achieved a level of wealth and technology that enabled them to make a regular series of voyages beyond Europe. ? Potlolani – charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th which were more useful than their predecessors.They took no account for the curvature of the earth so were of little use for oversea voyages ? By the end of the 15thcentury, cartography had developed to the point that Europeans had accurate maps of the rest of the known world ? One of the most important world maps available was that of Ptolemy, who wrote Geography. It was available from 1477 on. It drastically underestimated the circumference of the earth, leading expl orers such as Columbus to believe that he could sail to Asia Ships and sailing ? Europeans developed seaworthy ships as well as new navigational techniques ?They mastered the axial rudder and learned to combine lateen sails with a square rig. They could then construct ships mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in naval warfare and heavy enough to carry goods over long distances ? Only w/the assistance of the compass and the astrolabe they were able to sail w/confidence ? They gained knowledge of the wind patterns of the Atlantic Ocean New Horizons: Portuguese and Spanish Empires ? Portugal took the lead in the European AOE when it began to explore the coastof Africa under the sponsorship of Henry the Navigator. ? His motivations were a blend of seeking a Ch.Kingdom as an ally for against the Muslims, acquiring trade opportunities, and extending chr. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire ? In 1419, p. Henry founded a school for navigation. Shortly after, P. fle ets probed southward along the west coast of Africa looking for gold ? In 1441, p. ships reached the Senegal River and brought back slaves ? they gradually went down the coast and in 1471 they discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of the hump of West Africa—the Gold Coast ? They leased land from local rulers and built stone forts along the coastThe Portuguese in India In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias was the 1st to round the Cape of Good Hope ? 10 years later, Vasco da Gama rounded the cape then stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim merchants. They then crossed the Arabian Sea and reached the port of Calicut in India ? p. fleets returned regularly, seeking to destroy Arabic shipping and establish a monopoly in the spice trade ? in 1509, a p. armada defeated a combined fleet of Turkish and Indian ships and began to impose a blockade on the entrance to the Red Sea to cut off the flow of spices to Egypt and the Ottoman Empire ?Goa became the headquarters for p. operations throughout the entire region ? The p. conducted raids against Arab shippers In Search of Spices ? In 1511, Albuquerque sailed into the harbor of Malacca on the Malay peninsula ? He thought it would help destroy the Arab spice trade and provide the pw/a way station on the route to the Moluccas, aka the Spice Islands ? Their attempted takeover of the area resulted in a struggle b/w the p and ms ? From Malacca, the p launched expeditions further east, to China and the SI ? there they signed a treaty w/local rulers for trade Within a few years, the p seized control of the spice trade from ms and got profits for the p monarchy ?The p empire remained limited b/c they lacked the power, population, and desire to colonize Asian regions ? Their success was mainly due to guns and seamanship Voyages to the New World ? the sp attempted to reach the same destination by sailing across the Atlantic. Their resources enabled them to establish a bigger empire than the p The Voyages of Co lumbus ? He felt that Asia could be reached by sailing west instead of east New Voyages John Cabot explored the New England coastline under a license from Henry VIII. Pedro Cabral found South America on accident in 1500. Amerigo Vespucci wrote letters describing the NW ? The 1st 2 decades of the 16thc witnessed oversea voyages that explored the eastern coasts of NA and SA ?Vasco Nunez be Balboa led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the PO in 1513 ? Ferdinand Magellan went around the world in 1519 ? The sp were interested in the NW b/c the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas had divided the NW into separate p and sp spheres of influence and most of SA fell into the sp sphere. The route east around the COGH was p while the route across the Atlantic belonged to s The Spanish Empire in the New World ? Conquistadors – individuals motivated by a blend of glory, greed, and religious crusading zeal. Although authorized by the Castilian crown the groups were financed and o utfitted privately. Their superior weapons, organizational skills, and determination brought them incredible success. They also benefited from conflicts b/w the native people and diseases. Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire ? In 1519, a S expedition under the command of Hernan Cortes landed at Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico.He marched to the city of Tenochtitlan, making alliances w/city states that had tired of Aztec rule. ? Especially important was Tlaxcala, a state that the Aztecs had been unable to conquer. ? When Cortes arrived at T he received a friendly welcome from Moctezuma who believed that he represented the god Quetzalcoatl ? They took M hostage and pillaged the city ? in the fall of 1520 the local population revolted against C and drove the invaders from their city ? Shortly afterward the Aztecs suffered from many E diseases from which they had no immunity. The S then destroyed pyramids, temples, and palaces. B/w 1531 and1550, the S gained control of northern Mexico Sp anish Conquest of the Inca Empire ? In 1530, Francisco Pizarro landed on the PC of SA w/steel, gunpowder, and horses ?Soon, smallpox was devastating villages, killing the Incan emperor and leaving a disagreement over who would take his place, leading to civil war ? P and his soldiers marched on Cuzco and captured the Incan capital. By1535, P established a capital at Lima for a new colony Administration of the Spanish Empire Whereas the conquistadors made decisions based on expediency and their own interests, Queen Isabella declared the natives subjects of Castile and instituted the S encomienda, a system that permitted the conquering s to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers. In return, they were supposed to protect the I, pay them wages, and supervise their spiritual needs. ? S settlers brutally used the I to pursue their own economic interests. They worked on plantations and in mines ? the I suffered from many European diseases ? Dominican friars protested aga inst the harsh I treatment ?In 1510 Anton Montecino spoke against it. In 1542, largely in response to the publications of Bartolome de las Casas, the government abolished the encomienda system and provided more protection for the I ? In the NW, the S developed an administrative system based on viceroys. ? S possessions were divided into 2 major units: New Spain (Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean) w/a center in Mexico city, and Peru(western South America) governed by a viceroy in Lima ? Each viceroy served as the king’s chief civil and military officer and was aided by advisory groups called audiencias, which also functioned as judicial bodies.By papal agreement, the Catholic monarchs of S were given extensive rights over ecclesiastical affairs in the NW. They could appoint bishops and clergy, build churches, collect fees, and supervise religious orders ? Missionaries fanned out across the SE where they converted hundreds of thousands ? The mass conversions brought th e institutions of the CC to the NW New Rivals on the World Stage ? In the 17th century, northern E countries—1st the Dutch and then the French and British—moved to replace the P and S and create their own colonial empires ?The new rivalry soon had an impact on the rest of the world. Africa: The Slave Trade ? The P built forts the east and west coasts of Africa and tried to dominate the trade in gold. However, during the mid 17thc the D seized and number of P forts along the WA coast and took control over much of the P trade across the Indian Ocean ? The Dutch East India Company, a trading company established under government sponsorship, also set up in Africa at the COGH which soon became a permanent colony ?European explorations of the A coastline did not affect most people on the interior Growth of the Slave Trade Over the next 2c, the slave trade grew drastically and became part of the triangular trade connecting E, A, and Am ? The journey of slaves from A to Am bec ame known as the Middle Passage ? At 1st, local slave traders obtained their supply from regions nearby, but as demand increased, they had to move further inland ? In a few cases, local rulers became concerned about the impact of the slave trade on their societies ? Protests from A were generally ignored by everyone ? As a rule, local rulers viewed the slave trade as a source of income and some sent raiders to unsuspecting villagesEffects of the Slave Trade ? The importation of cheap manufactured goods from E undermined local cottage industry and forced families into poverty ? Led to depletion in some areas and deprived many African communities of their youngest and strongest ? the need to maintain a constant supply of slaves led to increased warfare and violence as A chiefs increased their raids on neighboring people The West in Southeast Asia ? P efforts to dominate trade in SEA were never totally successful. P lacked the numbers and wealth to overcome local resistance and coloniz e local regions.P empire was too large and P too small to maintain it ? S established itself in SEA when Mag landed in the PHL, enabling the S to gain control there and it became a base of trade for luxury goods ? The biggest threat to P came w/the arrival of the D and E, who were better financed ? the shift in power began in the early 17thc when the D seized a P fort in the Moluccas and then gradually pushed the P out of the spice trade, then the E later ? The D also began to consolidate their political and military control over the area.By the end of the 18thc, the D had succeeded in bringing almost the entire Indonesian archipelago under their control ? The arrival of the E had less impact on mainland SEA, where strong monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment. ? To obtain economic advantages, the E became involved in factional disputes, though in general the states united and drove the E out ? In Vietnam, the arrival of Western merchants coincided w/a period of internal conflict among ruling groups in the country. Expansion had brought a civil war that temporarily divided the country into 2 separate states.The E powers began to take sides in local politics, w/the P and D supporting rival factions. ? the mainland states in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam had begun to define themselves as distinct political entities. The Malay states had less cohesion and were victims of their own resources. The French and British in India The Mughal Empire ? Babur’s grandson brought Mughal rule to most of India, creating the greatestIndian empire since the Mauryan dynasty The Impact of the Western Powers ? At 1st , P dominated regional trade in the Indian Ocean, but at the end of the16thc, the B and D arrived on the scene.Soon both powers were competing w/Pand w/each other ? During the 1st ? of the 17th century, the B presence in India steadily increased. By1650, B trading posts had been established at Surat, Fort William, near the Bay of Bengal, and Madras on the southern coast. ? B success attracted rivals, including the D and F, but the B were saved by Sir. Robert Clive, who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Company in India. They were also aided by the refusal of the F government to provide finances to their people in India ?After defeating a Mughal army in 1757 at the Battle of Plassey, the BEIC received the authority to collect taxes from lands surrounding Calcutta. During the seven years’ war, the B forced the F to withdraw completely from India ? This marks a major step in the gradual transfer of the entire Indian subcontinent to the BEIC and later to the B as a colony China Western Inroads ? Although China was at the height of its power and glory in the mid 18thc, the 1st signs of internal decay in the Manchu dynasty were beginning to appear.Qing military campaigns along the frontier cost money and placed heavy demands on the treasury. At the same time, growing pressure on t he land b/c of population growth led to economic hardship and rebellion. ? the decline in the QD occurred just as E was increasing pressure for more trade. The 1st conflict came from the north, where Russian traders sought skins and furs ? To limit contacts b/w E and C, the Q government confined all E traders to a small island outside the city walls of Canton and allowed them to stay only part of the year ?In 1793, a B mission led by Lord Macartney visited Beijing to press for liberalization from trade restrictions, but emperor Qianlong expressed no interest in B products Japan Opening to the West ? P traders had landed on the islands of J in 1543, and began stopping there on a regular basis to take part in trade b/w J, C, and SEAII. They were initially welcomed, the success of Cath missionaries however, created a strong reaction against the presence of Westerners ? When the missionaries interfered w/local politics, Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled all missionaries and J Chris were now pros ecuted.The E merchants were next to go, the government closed 2 major trading post sand only a small D community was allowed to remain The Americas ? In the 16thc, S and P had established large colonial empires in the As. P continued to profit from Brazil and S had a SA empire, but S importance as a commercial power declined rapidly in the 17thc b/c of a drop in the output of the silver mines and poverty of the S monarchy ? By the beginning of the 17thc, P and S found themselves w/new challenges to their A empires from the D, B, and F West Indies The B held Barbados, Jamaica, and Bermuda, and the F had Saint Domingue, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. Both developed plantation economies worked by slaves which made cotton, tobacco, coffee, and sugar British North America ? The D were among the 1st to establish settlements on the NA continent after Henry Hudson discovered in 1609 the Hudson river. A. W/I a few years the D had established the mainland colony of New Netherland B. In the 2nd ? of the 17th century, competition from the E and F and years of warfare w/those rivals led to the decline of the D commercial empire. C.In 1664, the E seized the colony of NN and renamed it NY, shortly afterward the DWIC went bankrupt ? The E had begun to establish their own colonies in NA. The desire to practice religion, combined w/economic interests, led to colonization ? Both the NA and WI colonies of B were assigned roles in keeping w/mercantilist theory. They provided raw materials for their mother country while buying good from the latter. Navigation acts regulated what could be taken from and sold to colonies French North America ? In 1534 Jacques Cartier discovered the Saint Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a F possession ?It wasn’t until Samuel de Champlain established a settlement at Quebecin 1608 that F began to take interest in Canada as a colony ? In 1663 Canada was made the property of the F crown and administered by a F governor like a F province ? I t was run like a vast trading area. The F state could not its people to emigrate there so the population stayed small. They also allowed their Continental wars to take precedence over the conquest of the NA continent. ? In 1713 in the Treaty of Utrecht, the F began to cede some of their A possessions to the E ?The decline of S and P led those 2 states to depend even more on their colonies, and they imposed strict mercantilist rules to keep others out. ? S tried to limit trade w/its colonies to S ships Toward A World Economy ? During the High Middle Ages, E had engaged in a commercial revolution that created new opportunities for townspeople in a basically agrarian economy ? The beginning of E discovery of the world outside in the 15thc led to an even greater burst of commercial activity and the inception of a world market Economic Conditions in the 16th Century Inflation was a major problem in the 16th and early 17th century ? This price revolution was a E wide phenomenon, although different areas were affected at different times ? Food was most subject to price increases, especially evident in the price of wheat ? Wages failed to keep up with price increases. Wage earners, especially agricultural laborers and salaried workers in urban areas saw their standard of living drop ? Commercial and industrial entrepreneurs also benefited from the price revolution because of rising prices, expanding markets, and cheap labor costs ?Governments borrows heavily from bankers and imposed new tax burdens on their subjects, often stirring additional discontent The Growth of Commercial Capitalism ? The E trade of the 16thc revolved around the Med in the south, the Low Countries and the Baltic region in the north, and central E, whose inland trade depended on the Rhine and Danube rivers ? As overseas trade expanded, the Atlantic seaboard began to play a more important role, linking the Med, Baltic, and CE trading areas together and making E a more integrated market that was mo re vulnerable to price shifts ?W/cheaper and faster ships, the D came to monopolize both E and world trade, although they were challenged by the E and F in the 16thc ? The commercial expansion of the 16th and 17th century was made easier by new forms of commercial organization, especially the joint-stock company ? Individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made business decisions ? Made it easier to raise large amounts of capital for world trading ventures ?Enormous profits were also being made in shipbuilding and in mining and metal lurgy, where technological innovations, such as the use of pumps and new methods of extracting metals from ores proved highly successful ? The mining industry was closely tied to family banking firms. In exchange for arranging large loans for Charles V, Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of CE ? These cl ose relationships b/w governments and entrepreneurs could lead to success but also be precarious[pic][pic] ?The House of Fugger went bankrupt at the end of the 16thc when the Habsburg defaulted on their loans ? By the 17thc, the traditional family banking firms were no longer able to supply the numerous services needed for the commercial capitalism of the 17thc ? the city of Amsterdam created the Bank of Amsterdam in 1609 as both a deposit and a transfer institution and the Amsterdam Bourse, where the trading of stocks replaced the exchange of goods ? Most of the E economy still depended on an agricultural system that had changed little since the 13th century ?In eastern E, the peasants’ position even worsened as they were increasingly tied to the land in a new serfdom enforced by powerful land owners Mercantilism ? Mercantilism – the name historians use to identify a set of economic tendencies that came to dominate economic practices in the 17th century ? one of its f undamentals was a belief that the total volume of trade was unchangeable. Since one nation could expand its trade only at the expense of others, to mercantilists economic activity was war carried on by peaceful means ?According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a nation depended on a plentiful supply of bullion (gold and silver). For this reason, it was desirable to achieve a favorable balance of trade in which goods exported were of greater value than those imported, promoting an influx of gold and silver payments that would increase the currency of bullion ? They believed that governments should stimulate and protect export industries and trade by granting trade monopolies, encouraging investment in new industries through subsidies, importing foreign artisans, and improving transportation systems.By placing high tariffs on foreign goods, they could be kept out of the country and prevented from competing w/domestic industry ? colonies were deemed valuable sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods ? Mercantilism focused on the role of the state, believing that state intervention in some aspects of the economy were desirable for national good. Government regulations to ensure the superiority of export goods, the construction of roads and canals, and the granting of subsidies to create trade companies were all predicated to government involvement in economic affairsOverseas Trade and Colonies: Movement toward Globalization ? W/the development of colonies and trading posts in the Am and the East, Embarked on an adventure in international commerce of the 17th century ? What made transoceanic trade rewarding was not the volume but the value of its goods ? Trade w/i E remained strong throughout the 18thc as wheat, timber, and naval stores from the Baltic, wines from F, wool and fruit from S, and silk from Italy were exchanged ? [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]However, this trade increased only slightly as overseas trade boomed.From 1716 to 1789, total F exports quadrupled The Impact of European Expansion ? By the end of the 18thc, it appeared that GB would become the great E imperial power The Conquered ? The NA civilizations were virtually destroyed. Ancient social and political structures were ripped up and replaced by E institutions, religion, language, and culture ? In Africa, E involvement in the slave trade led to devastating effects, especially in coastal areas ? P trading posts in the east had little impact on native Asian civilizations, although D control of the Indonesian archipelago was more pervasive ?In C and SA, a ew civilization arose called Latin Am ? It was a multiracial society—Africans, natives, and E. It had less rigid attitudes about race ? E brought horses and cattle to the Americas. Horses revolutionized the life of the Plains Indians. The two civilizations also exchanged plants Catholic Missionaries ? S and P rulers were determined to Chr the native people ? this policy gave the CC an d important role to play in the NW, one that added to church power ? Chr missionaries also went to China, the Jesuits were the most active ? they tried to point out the similarities b/w Chr and Confucian ethics ?Several hundred C officials became Catholics, but the Chr effort was ultimately undermined by squabbling w/i religious orders ? Soon Chinese authorities began to suppress Chr ideas throughout China ? They also went to Japan, where they converted some nobles ? the Jesuit practice of destroying idols and shrines and turning temples into Chr schools or churches caused a severe reaction ? The government ordered the execution of nine missionaries and a number of J converts. They were all eventually persecuted. The Conquerors ? Many E women found new opportunities for marriage in the NW b/c of the lack of women.A number of women also found themselves rich after their husbands were killed unexpectedly. ? When the mines at Potosi in Peru were opened in 1545, the value of precious me tals imported into E quadrupled ? The 185,000 pounds of gold that entered the port of Seville set off a price revolution that affected the S economy ? Columbian Exchange- the reciprocal importation and exportation of plant sand animals b/w E and the Am ? E expansion, which was in part a product of E rivalries, deepened those rivalries and increased tension among E states ? Bitter conflicts arose over the cargoes coming from the NW and Asia.The Anglo-D trade wars and the B-F rivalry over India and Nam became part of a new pattern of worldwide warfare in the 18thc. Rivalry also led to state-sponsored piracy ? E came to have a new view of the world. They created better maps and new techniques, one of which was the Mercator projection, which tried to show the true shapes of landmasses, but only in a limited area ? E were initially startled by the discovery of new people. There were differing opinions, but most felt that the natives should be converted. Their relatively easy success in d ominating native people enforced their feelings of superiority Top of Form